Outbreak of the Revolutionary War in 1792 - Its immediate causes - Declaration of Pillnitz made and withdrawn - Agitation of the Priests and Emigrants - War Policy of the Gironde - Provocations offered to France by the Powers - State of Central Europe in 1792 - The Holy Roman Empire - Austria - Rule of the Hapsburgs - The Reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph II. - Policy of Leopold II. - Government and Foreign Policy of Francis II. - Prussia - Government of Frederick William II. - Social Condition of Prussia - Secondary States of Germany - Ecclesiastical States - Free Cities - Knights - Weakness of Germany

French and Austrian Armies on the Flemish Frontier - Prussia enters the War - Brunswick invades France - His Proclamation - Insurrection of Aug. 10 at Paris - Massacres of September - Character of the War - Brunswick, checked at Valmy, retreats - The War becomes a Crusade of France - Neighbours of France - Custine enters Mainz - Dumouriez conquers the Austrian Netherlands - Nice and Savoy annexed - Decree of the Convention against all Governments - Execution of Louis XVI. - War with England, followed by war with the Mediterranean States - Condition of England - English Parties, how affected by the Revolution - The Gironde and the Mountain - Austria recovers the Netherlands - The Allies invade France - La Vendee - Revolutionary System of 1793 - Errors of the Allies - New French Commanders and Democratic Army - Victories of Jourdan, Hoche, and Pichegru - Prussia withdrawing from the War - Polish Affairs - Austria abandons the Netherlands - Treaties of Basle - France in 1795 - Insurrection of 13 Vendemiaire - Constitution of 1795 - The Directory - Effect of the Revolution on the Spirit of Europe up to 1795

Triple attack on Austria - Moreau, Jourdan - Bonaparte in Italy - Condition of the Italian States - Professions and real intentions of Bonaparte and the Directory - Battle of Montenotte - Armistice with Sardinia - Campaign in Lombardy - Treatment of the Pope, Naples, Tuscany - Siege of Mantua - Castiglione - Moreau and Jourdan in Germany - Their retreat - Secret Treaty with Prussia - Negotiations with England - Cispadane Republic - Rise of the idea of Italian Independence - Battles of Arcola and Rivoli - Peace with the Pope at Tolentino - Venice - Preliminaries of Leoben - The French in Venice - The French take the Ionian Islands and give Venice to Austria - Genoa - Coup d'etat of 17 Fructidor in Paris - Treaty of Campo Formio - Victories of England at Sea - Bonaparte's project against Egypt

Congress of Rastadt - The Rhenish Provinces ceded - Ecclesiastical States of Germany suppressed - French Intervention in Switzerland - Helvetic Republic - The French invade the Papal States - Roman Republic - Expedition to Egypt - Battle of the Nile - Coalition of 1798 - Ferdinand of Naples enters Rome - Mack's defeats - French enter Naples - Parthenopean Republic - War with Austria and Russia - Battle of Stockach - Murder of the French Envoys at Rastadt - Campaign in Lombardy - Reign of Terror at Naples - Austrian designs upon Italy - Suvaroff and the Austrians - Campaign in Switzerland - Campaign in Holland - Bonaparte returns from Egypt - Coup d'etat of 18 Brumaire - Constitution of 1799 - System of Bonaparte in France - Its effect on the influence of France abroad

Overtures of Bonaparte to Austria and England - The War continues - Massena besieged in Genoa - Moreau invades Southern Germany - Bonaparte crosses the St. Bernard, and descends in the rear of the Austrians - Battle of Marengo - Austrians retire behind the Mincio - Treaty between England and Austria - Austria continues the War - Battle of Hohenlinden - Peace of Luneville - War between England and the Northern Maritime League - Battle of Copenhagen - Murder of Paul - End of the Maritime War - English Army enters Egypt - French defeated at Alexandria - They capitulate at Cairo and Alexandria - Preliminaries of Peace between England and France signed at London, followed by Peace of Amiens - Pitt's Irish Policy and his retirement - Debates on the Peace - Aggressions of Bonaparte during the Continental Peace - Holland, Italy, Switzerland - Settlement of Germany under French and Russian influence - Suppression of Ecclesiastical States and Free Cities - Its effects - Stein - France under the Consulate - The Civil Code - The Concordat

England claims Malta - War renewed - Bonaparte occupies Hanover, and blockades the Elbe - Remonstrances of Prussia - Cadoudal's Plot - Murder of the Duke of Enghien - Napoleon Emperor - Coalition of 1805 - Prussia holds aloof - State of Austria - Failure of Napoleon's Attempt to gain Naval Superiority in the Channel - Campaign in Western Germany - Capitulation of Ulm - Trafalgar - Treaty of Potsdam between Prussia and the Allies - The French enter Vienna - Haugwitz sent to Napoleon with Prussian Ultimatum - Battle of Austerlitz - Haugwitz signs a Treaty of Alliance with Napoleon - Peace - Treaty of Presburg - End of the Holy Roman Empire - Naples given to Joseph Bonaparte - Battle of Maida - The Napoleonic Empire and Dynasty - Federation of the Rhine - State of Germany - Possibility of maintaining the Empire of 1806

Death of Pitt - Ministry of Fox and Grenville - Napoleon forces Prussia into war with England, and then offers Hanover to England - Prussia resolves on war with Napoleon - State of Prussia - Decline of the Army - Southern Germany with Napoleon - Austria neutral - England and Russia about to help Prussia, but not immediately - Campaign of 1806 - Battles of Jena and Auerstaedt - Ruin of the Prussian Army - Capitulation of Fortresses - Demands of Napoleon - The War continues - Berlin Decree - Exclusion of English goods from the Continent - Russia enters the war - Campaign in Poland and East Prussia - Eylau - Treaty of Bartenstein - Friedland - Interview at Tilsit - Alliance of Napoleon and Alexander - Secret Articles - English expedition to Denmark - The French enter Portugal - Prussia after the Peace of Tilsit - Stein's Edict of Emancipation - The Prussian Peasant - Reform of the Prussian Army, and creation of Municipalities - Stein's other projects of Reform, which are not carried out

Spain in 1806 - Napoleon uses the quarrel between Ferdinand and Godoy - He affects to be Ferdinand's Protector - Dupont's Army enters Spain - Murat in Spain - Charles abdicates - Ferdinand King - Savary brings Ferdinand to Bayonne - Napoleon makes both Charles and Ferdinand resign - Spirit of the Spanish Nation - Contrast with Germany - Rising of all Spain - The Notables at Bayonne - Campaign of 1808 - Capitulation of Baylen - Wellesley lands in Portugal - Vimieiro - Convention of Cintra - Effect of the Spanish Rising on Europe - War Party in Prussia - Napoleon and Alexander at Erfurt - Stein resigns, and is proscribed - Napoleon in Spain - Spanish Misgovernment - Campaign on the Ebro - Campaign of Sir John Moore - Corunna - Napoleon leaves Spain - Siege of Saragossa - Successes of the French

Austria preparing for war - The war to be one on behalf of the German Nation - Patriotic movement in Prussia - Expected Insurrection in North Germany - Plans of Campaign - Austrian Manifesto to the Germans - Rising of the Tyrolese - Defeats of the Archduke Charles in Bavaria - French in Vienna - Attempts of Doernberg and Schill - Battle of Aspern - Second passage of the Danube - Battle of Wagram - Armistice of Znaim - Austria waiting for Events - Wellesley in Spain - He gains the Battle of Talavera, but retreats - Expedition against Antwerp fails - Austria makes Peace - Treaty of Vienna - Real Effects of the War of 1809 - Austria after 1809 - Metternich - Marriage of Napoleon with Marie Louise - Severance of Napoleon and Alexander - Napoleon annexes the Papal States, Holland, Le Valais, and the North German Coast - The Napoleonic Empire: its benefits and wrongs - The Czar withdraws from Napoleon's Commercial System - War with Russia imminent - Wellington in Portugal; Lines of Torres Vedras; Massena's Campaign of 1810, and retreat - Soult in Andalusia - Wellington's Campaign of 1811 - Capture of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz - Salamanca

War approaching between France and Russia - Policy of Prussia - Hardenberg's Ministry - Prussia forced into Alliance with Napoleon - Austrian Alliance - Napoleon's Preparations - He enters Russia - Alexander and Bernadotte - Plan of Russians to fight a battle at Drissa frustrated - They retreat on Witepsk - Sufferings of the French - French enter Smolensko - Battle of Borodino - Evacuation of Moscow - Moscow fired - The Retreat from Moscow - French at Smolensko - Advance of Russian Armies from North and South - Battle of Krasnoi - Passage of the Beresina - The French reach the Niemen - York's Convention with the Russians - The Czar and Stein - Russian Army enters Prussia - Stein raises East Prussia - Treaty of Kalisch - Prussia declares War - Enthusiasm of the Nation - Idea of German Unity - The Landwehr

The War of Liberation - Bluecher crosses the Elbe - Battle of Luetzen - The Allies retreat to Silesia - Battle of Bautzen - Armistice - Napoleon intends to intimidate Austria - Mistaken as to the Forces of Austria - Metternich's Policy - Treaty of Reichenbach - Austria offers its Mediation - Congress of Prague - Austria enters the War - Armies and Plans of Napoleon and the Allies - Campaign of August - Battles of Dresden, Grosbeeren, the Katzbach, and Kulm - Effect of these Actions - Battle of Dennewitz - German Policy of Austria favourable to the Princes of the Rhenish Confederacy - Frustrated hopes of German Unity - Battle of Leipzig - The Allies reach the Rhine - Offers of Peace at Frankfort - Plan of Invasion of France - Backwardness of Austria - The Allies enter France - Campaign of 1814 - Congress of Chatillon - Napoleon moves to the rear of the Allies - The Allies advance on Paris - Capitulation of Paris - Entry of the Allies - Dethronement of Napoleon - Restoration of the Bourbons - The Charta - Treaty of Paris - Territorial effects of the War, 1792-1814 - Every Power except France had gained - France relatively weaker in Europe - Summary of the permanent effects of this period on Europe

The Restoration of 1814 - Norway - Naples - Westphalia - Spain - The Spanish Constitution overthrown: victory of the clergy - Restoration in France - The Charta - Encroachments of the nobles and clergy - Growing hostility to the Bourbons - Congress of Vienna - Talleyrand and the Four Powers - The Polish question - The Saxon question - Theory of Legitimacy - Secret alliance against Russia and Prussia - Compromise - The Rhenish Provinces - Napoleon leaves Elba and lands in France - His declarations - Napoleon at Grenoble, at Lyons, at Paris - The Congress of Vienna unites Europe against France - Murat's action in Italy - The Acte Additionnel - The Champ de Mai - Napoleon takes up the offensive - Battles of Ligny, Quatre Bras, Waterloo - Affairs at Paris - Napoleon sent to St. Helena - Wellington and Fouche - Arguments on the proposed cession of French territory - Treaty of Holy Alliance - Second Treaty of Paris - Conclusion of the work of the Congress of Vienna - Federation of Germany - Estimate of the Congress of Vienna and of the Treaties of 1815 - The Slave Trade

Concert of Europe after 1815 - Spirit of the Foreign Policy of Alexander, of Metternich, and of the English Ministry - Metternich's action in Italy, England's in Sicily and Spain - The Reaction in France - Richelieu and the New Chamber - Execution of Ney - Imprisonments and persecutions - Conduct of the Ultra-Royalists in Parliament - Contests on the Electoral Bill and the Budget - The Chamber prorogued - Affair of Grenoble - Dissolution of the Chamber - Electoral Law and Financial Settlement of 1817 - Character of the first years of peace in Europe generally - Promise of a Constitution in Prussia - Hardenberg opposed by the partisans of autocracy and privilege - Schmalz' Pamphlet - Delay of Constitutional Reform in Germany at large - The Wartburg Festival - Progress of Reaction - The Czar now inclines to repression - Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle - Evacuation of France - Growing influence of Metternich in Europe - His action on Prussia - Murder of Kotzebue - The Carlsbad Conference and measures of repression in Germany - Richelieu and Decazes - Murder of the Duke of Berry - Progress of the reaction in France - General causes of the victory of reaction in Europe

Movements in the Mediterranean States beginning in 1820 - Spain from 1814 to 1820 - The South American Colonies - The Army at Cadiz: Action of Quiroga and Riego - Movement at Corunna - Ferdinand accepts the Constitution of 1812 - Naples from 1815 to 1820 - The Court-party, the Muratists, the Carbonari - The Spanish Constitution proclaimed at Naples - Constitutional movement in Portugal - Alexander's proposal with regard to Spain - The Conference and Declaration of Troppau - Protest of England - Conference of Laibach - The Austrians invade Naples and restore absolute Monarchy - Insurrection in Piedmont, which fails - Spain from 1820 to 1822 - Death of Castlereagh - The Congress of Verona - Policy of England - The French invade Spain - Restoration of absolute Monarchy, and violence of the reaction - England prohibits the conquest of the Spanish Colonies by France, and subsequently recognises their independence - Affairs in Portugal - Canning sends troops to Lisbon - The Policy of Canning - Estimate of his place in the history of Europe

Condition of Greece: its Races and Institutions - The Greek Church - Communal System - The AEgaean Islands - The Phanariots - Greek intellectual revival: Koraes - Beginning of Greek National Movement; Contact of Greece with the French Revolution and Napoleon - The Hetaeria Philike - Hypsilanti's Attempt in the Danubian Provinces: its failure - Revolt of the Morea: Massacres: Execution of Gregorius, and Terrorism at Constantinople - Attitude of Russia, Austria, and England - Extension of the Revolt: Affairs at Hydra - The Greek Leaders - Fall of Tri-politza - The Massacre of Chios - Failure of the Turks in the Campaign of 1822 - Dissensions of the Greeks - Mahmud calls upon Mehemet Ali for Aid - Ibrahim conquers Crete and invades the Murea - Siege of Missolonghi - Philhellenism in Europe - Russian proposal for Intervention - Conspiracies in Russia: Death of Alexander: Accession of Nicholas - Military Insurrection at St. Petersburg - Anglo-Russian Protocol - Treaty between England, Russia, and France - Death of Canning - Navarino - War between Russia and Turkey - Campaigns of 1828 and 1829 - Treaty of Adrianople - Capodistrias President of Greece - Leopold accepts and then declines the Greek Crown - Murder of Capodistrias - Otho, King of Greece

France before 1830 - Reign of Charles X. - Ministry of Martignac - Ministry of Polignac - The Duke of Orleans - War in Algiers - The July Ordinances - Revolution of July - Louis Philippe King - Nature and effects of the July Revolution - Affairs in Belgium - The Belgian Revolution - The Great Powers - Intervention, and establishment of the Kingdom of Belgium - Affairs of Poland - Insurrection at Warsaw - War between Russia and Poland - Overthrow of the Poles: End of the Polish Constitution - Affairs of Italy - Insurrection in the Papal States - France and Austria - Austrian Intervention - Ancona occupied by the French - Affairs of Germany - Prussia; the Zollverein - Brunswick, Hanover, Saxony - The Palatinate - Reaction in Germany - The exiles in Switzerland: Incursion into Savoy - Dispersion of the Exiles - France under Louis Philippe: Successive risings - Period of Parliamentary activity - England after 1830: The Reform Bill

France and England after 1830 - Affairs of Portugal - Don Miguel - Don Pedro invades Portugal - Ferdinand of Spain - The Pragmatic Sanction - Death of Ferdinand: Regency of Christina - The Constitution - Quadruple Alliance - Miguel and Carlos expelled from Portugal - Carlos enters Spain - The Basque Provinces - Carlist War: Zumalacarregui - The Spanish Government seeks French assistance, which is refused - Constitution of 1837 - End of the War - Regency of Espartero - Isabella Queen - Affairs of the Ottoman Empire - Ibrahim invades Syria; his victories - Rivalry of France and Russia at Constantinople - Peace of Kutaya and Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi - Effect of this Treaty - France and Mehemet Ali - Commerce of the Levant - Second War between Mehemet and the Porte - Ottoman disasters - The Policy of the Great Powers - Quadruple Treaty without France - Ibrahim expelled from Syria - Final Settlement - Turkey after 1840 - Attempted reforms of Reschid Pasha

Europe during the Thirty-years' Peace - Italy and Austria - Mazzini - The House of Savoy - Gioberti - Election of Pius IX. - Reforms expected - Revolution at Palermo - Agitation in Northern Italy - Lombardy - State of the Austrian Empire - Growth of Hungarian national spirit - The Magyars and Slavs - Transylvania - Parties among the Magyars - Kossuth - The Slavic national movements in Austria - The government enters on reforms in Hungary - Policy of the Opposition - The Rural system of Austria - Insurrection in Galicia: the nobles and the peasants - Agrarian edict - Public opinion in Vienna - Prussia - Accession and character of King Frederick William IV. - Convocation of the United Diet - Its debates and dissolution - France - The Spanish Marriages - Reform movement - Socialism - Revolution of February - End of the Orleanist Monarchy

Europe in 1789 and in 1848 - Agitation in Western Germany before and after the Revolution at Paris - Austria and Hungary - The March Revolution at Vienna - Flight of Metternich - The Hungarian Diet - Hungary wins its independence - Bohemian movement - Autonomy promised to Bohemia - Insurrection of Lombardy - Of Venice - Piedmont makes war on Austria - A general Italian war against Austria imminent - The March Days at Berlin - Frederick William IV. - A National Assembly promised - Schleswig-Holstein - Insurrection in Holstein - War between Germany and Denmark - The German Ante-Parliament - Republican Rising in Baden - Meeting of the German National Assembly at Frankfort - Europe generally in March, 1848 - The French Provisional Government - The National Workshops - The Government and the Red Republicans - French National Assembly - Riot of May 15 - Measures against the National Workshops - The Four Days of June - Cavaignac - Louis Napoleon - He is elected to the Assembly - Elected President

Austria and Italy - Vienna from March to May - Flight of the Emperor - Bohemian National Movement - Windischgraetz subdues Prague - Campaign around Verona - Papal Allocution - Naples in May - Negotiations as to Lombardy - Reconquest of Venetia - Battle of Custozza - The Austrians enter Milan - Austrian Court and Hungary - The Serbs in Southern Hungary - Serb Congress at Carlowitz - Jellacic - Affairs of Croatia - Jellacic, the Court and the Hungarian Movement - Murder of Lamberg - Manifesto of October 3 - Vienna on October 6 - The Emperor at Olmuetz - Windischgraetz conquers Vienna - The Parliament at Kremsler - Schwarzenberg Minister - Ferdinand abdicates - Dissolution of the Kremsler Parliament - Unitary Edict - Hungary - The Roumanians in Transylvania - The Austrian Army occupies Pesth - Hungarian Government at Debreczin - The Austrians driven out of Hungary - Declaration of Hungarian Independence - Russian Intervention - The Hungarian Summer Campaign - Capitulation of Vilagos - Italy - Murder of Rossi - Tuscany - The March Campaign in Lombardy - Novara - Abdication of Charles Albert - Victor Emmanuel - Restoration in Tuscany - French Intervention in Rome - Defeat of Oudinot - Oudinot and Lesseps - The French enter Rome - The Restored Pontifical Government - Fall of Venice - Ferdinand reconquers Sicily - Germany - The National Assembly at Frankfort - The Armistice of Malmoe - Berlin from April to September - The Prussian Army - Last Days of the Prussian Parliament - Prussian Constitution granted by Edict - The German National Assembly and Austria - Frederick William IV. elected Emperor - He refuses the Crown - End of the National Assembly - Prussia attempts to form a separate Union - The Union Parliament at Erfurt - Action of Austria - Hesse-Cassel - The Diet of Frankfort restored - Olmuetz - Schleswig-Holstein - Germany after 1849 - Austria after 1851 - France after 1848 - Louis Napoleon - The October Message - Law Limiting the Franchise - Louis Napoleon and the Army - Proposed Revision of the Constitution - The Coup d'Etat - Napoleon III. Emperor

England and France in 1851 - Russia under Nicholas - The Hungarian Refugees - Dispute between France and Russia on the Holy Places - Nicholas and the British Ambassador - Lord Stratford de Redcliffe - Menschikoff's Mission - Russian troops enter the Danubian Principalities - Lord Aberdeen's Cabinet - Movements of the Fleets - The Vienna Note - The Fleets pass the Dardanelles - Turkish Squadron destroyed at Sinope - Declaration of War - Policy of Austria - Policy of Prussia - The Western Powers and the European Concert - Siege of Silistria - The Principalities evacuated - Further objects of the Western Powers - Invasion of the Crimea - Battle of the Alma - The Flank March - Balaclava - Inkermann - Winter in the Crimea - Death of Nicholas - Conference of Vienna - Austria - Progress of the Siege - Plans of Napoleon III. - Canrobert and Pelissier - Unsuccessful Assault - Battle of the Tchernaya - Capture of the Malakoff - Fall of Sebastopol - Fall of Kars - Negotiations for Peace - The Conference of Paris - Treaty of Paris - The Danubian Principalities - Continued discord in the Ottoman Empire - Revision of the Treaty of Paris in 1871

Piedmont after 1849 - Ministry of Azeglio - Cavour Prime Minister - Designs of Cavour - His Crimean Policy - Cavour at the Conference of Paris - Cavour and Napoleon III. - The Meeting at Plombieres - Preparations in Italy - Treaty of January, 1859 - Attempts at Mediation - Austrian Ultimatum - Campaign of 1859 - Magenta - Movement in Central Italy - Solferino - Napoleon and Prussia - Interview of Villafranca - Cavour resigns - Peace of Zuerich - Central Italy after Villafranca - The Proposed Congress - "The Pope and the Congress" - Cavour resumes office - Cavour and Napoleon - Union of the Duchies and the Romagna with Piedmont - Savoy and Nice added to France - Cavour on this cession - European opinion - Naples - Sicily - Garibaldi lands at Marsala - Capture of Palermo - The Neapolitans evacuate Sicily - Cavour and the Party of Action - Cavour's Policy as to Naples - Garibaldi on the mainland - Persano and Villamarina at Naples - Garibaldi at Naples - The Piedmontese Army enters Umbria and the Marches - Fall of Ancona - Garibaldi and Cavour - The Armies on the Volturno - Fall of Gaeta - Cavour's Policy with regard to Rome and Venice - Death of Cavour - The Free Church in the Free State

Germany after 1858 - The Regency in Prussia - Army-reorganisation - King William I. - Conflict between the Crown and the Parliament - Bismarck - The struggle continued - Austria from 1859 - The October Diploma - Resistance of Hungary - The Reichsrath - Russia under Alexander II. - Liberation of the Serfs - Poland - The Insurrection of 1863 - Agrarian measures in Poland - Schleswig-Holstein - Death of Frederick VII. - Plans of Bismarck - Campaign in Schleswig - Conference of London - Treaty of Vienna - England and Napoleon III. - Prussia and Austria - Convention of Gastein - Italy - Alliance of Prussia with Italy - Proposals for a Congress fail - War between Austria and Prussia - Napoleon III. - Koeniggraetz - Custozza - Mediation of Napoleon - Treaty of Prague - South Germany - Projects for compensation to France - Austria and Hungary - Deak - Establishment of the Dual System in Austria-Hungary

Napoleon III. - The Mexican Expedition - Withdrawal of the French and death of Maximilian - The Luxemburg Question - Exasperation in France against Prussia - Austria - Italy - Mentana - Germany after 1866 - The Spanish Candidature of Leopold of Hohenzollern - French declaration - Benedetti and King William - Withdrawal of Leopold and demand for guarantees - The telegram from Ems - War - Expected Alliances of France - Austria - Italy - Prussian plans - The French army - Causes of French inferiority - Weissenburg - Woerth - Spicheren - Borny - Mars-la-Tour - Gravelotte - Sedan - The Republic proclaimed at Paris - Favre and Bismarck - Siege of Paris - Gambetta at Tours - The Army of the Loire - Fall of Metz - Fighting at Orleans - Sortie of Champigny - The Armies of the North, of the Loire, of the East - Bourbaki's ruin - Capitulation of Paris and Armistice - Preliminaries of Peace - Germany - Establishment of the German Empire - The Commune of Paris - Second Siege - Effects of the war as to Russia and Italy - Rome

France after 1871 - Alliance of the Three Emperors - Revolt of Herzegovina - The Andrassy Note - Murder of the Consuls at Salonika - The Berlin Memorandum - Rejected by England - Abdul Aziz deposed - Massacres in Bulgaria - Servia and Montenegro declare War - Opinion in England - Disraeli - Meeting of Emperors at Reichstadt - Servian Campaign - Declaration of the Czar - Conference at Constantinople - Its Failure - The London Protocol - Russia declares War - Advance on the Balkans - Osman at Plevna - Second Attack on Plevna - The Shipka Pass - Roumania - Third Attack on Plevna - Todleben - Fall of Plevna - Passage of the Balkans - Armistice - England - The Fleet passes the Dardanelles - Treaty of San Stefano - England and Russia - Secret Agreement - Convention with Turkey - Congress of Berlin - Treaty of Berlin - Bulgaria