Montcalm and Wolfe, by Francis Parkman

Appendix A

Chapter 3. Conflict for the West.

Piquet and his War-Party. - "Ce parti [de guerre] pour lequel M. le General a donne son consentement, sera de plus de 3,800 hommes.... 500 hommes de nos domicilies, 700 des Cinq nations a l'exclusion des Agniers [Mohawks] qui ne sont plus regardes que comme des anglais, 600 tant Iroquois que d'autres nations le long de la Belle Riviere d'ou ils esperent chasser les anglais qui y formentu des Etablissemens contraires au bien des guerriers, 2,000 hommes qu'ils doivent prendre aux tetes plates [Choctaws] ou ils s'arresteront, c'est la ou les deux chefs de guerre doivent proposer a l'armee l'expedition des Miamis au retour de celle contre la Nation du Chien [Cherokees]. Un vieux levain, quelques anciennes querelles leur feront tout entreprendre contre les anglais de la Virginie s'ils donnent encore quelques secours a cette derniere nation, ce qui ne manquera pas d'arriver...."

"C'est un grand miracle que malgre l'envie, les contradictions, l'opposition presque generale de tous les Villages sauvages, j'aye forme en moins de 3 ans une des plus florissantes missions du Canada.... Je me trouve donc, Messieurs, dans l'occasion de pouvoir etendre l'empire de Jesus Christ et du Roy mes bons maitres jusqu'aux extremites de ce nouveau monde, et de plus faire avec quelques secours que vous me procurerez que la France et l'angleterre ne pourraient faire avec plusieurs millions et toutes leur troupes." Copie de la Lettre ecrite par M. l'Abbe Picquet, dattee a la Presentation du 8 Fev. 1752 (Archives de la Marine).

I saw in the possession of the late Jacques Viger, of Montreal, an illuminated drawing of one of Piquet's banners, said to be still in existence, in which the cross, the emblems of the Virgin and the Saviour, the fleur-de-lis, and the Iroquois totems are all embroidered and linked together by strings of wampum beads wrought into the silk.

Directions of the French Colonial Minister for the Destruction of Oswego. - "La seule voye dont on puisse faire usage en temps de paix pour une pareille operation est celle des Iroquois des cinq nations. Les terres sur lesquelles le poste a ete etabli leur appartiennent et ce n'est qu'avec leur consentement que les anglois s'y sont places. Si en faisant regarder a ces sauvages un pareil etablissement comme contraire a leur liberte et comme une usurpation dont les anglois pretendent faire usage pour acquerir la propriete de leur terre on pourrait les determiner a entreprendre de les detruire, une pareille operation ne seroit pas a negliger; mais M. le Marquis de la Jonquiere doit sentir avec quelle circonspection une affaire de cette espece doit etre conduite et il faut en effet qu'il y travaille de facon a ne se point compromettre." Le Ministre a MM. de la Jonquiere et Bigot, 15 Avril, 1750 (Archives de la Marine).

Appendix B

Chapter 4. Acadia. English Treatment of Acadians. - "Les Anglois dans la vue de la Conquete du Canada ont voulu donner aux peuples francois de ces Colonies un exemple frappant de la douceur de leur gouvernement dans leur conduite a l'egard des Accadiens."

"Ils leur ont fourni pendant plus de 35 ans le simple necessaire, sans elever la fortune d'aucun, ils leur ont fourni ce necessaire souvent a credit, avec un exces de confiance, sans fatiguer les debiteurs, sans les presser, sans vouloir les forcer au payement."

"Ils leur ont laisse une apparence de liberte si excessive qu'ils n'ont voulu prendre aucune difference [sic] de leur differents, pas meme pour les crimes.... Ils ont souffert que les accadiens leur refusassent insolemment certains rentes de grains, modiques & tres-legitimement dues."

"Ils ont dissimule le refus meprisant que les accadiens ont fait de prendre d'eux des concessions pour les nouveaux terreins qu'ils voulaient occuper."

"Les fruits que cette conduite a produit dans la derniere guerre nous le savons [sic] et les anglois n'en ignorent rien. Qu'on juge la-dessus de leur ressentiment et des vues de vengeance de cette nation cruelle.... Je prevois notamment la dispersion des jeunes accadiens sur les vaisseaux de guerre anglois, ou la seule regle pour la ration du pain suffit pour les detruire jusqu'au dernier." Roma, Officier a l'Isle Royale a - - , 1750.

Indians, directed by Missionaries, to attack the English in Time of Peace. - "La lettre de M. l'Abbe Le Loutre me paroit si interessante que j'ay l'honneur de vous en envoyer Copie.... Les trois sauvages qui m'ont porte ces depeches m'ont parle relativement a ce que M. l'Abbe Le Loutre marque dans sa lettre; je n'ay eu garde de leur donner aucun Conseil la-dessus et je me suis borne a leur promettre que je ne les abandonnerai point, aussy ai-je pourvu a tout, soit pour les armes, munitions de guerre et de bouche, soit pour les autres choses necessaires."

"Il seroit a souhaiter que ces Sauvages rassembles pussent parvenir a traverser les anglois dans leurs entreprises, meme dans celle de Chibouctou [Halifax], ils sont dans cette resolution et s'ils peuvent mettre a execution ce qu'ils ont projette il est assure qu'ils seront fort incommodes aux Anglois et que les vexations qu'ils exerceront sur eux leur seront un tres grand obstacle. Ces sauvages doivent agir seuls, il n'y aura ny soldat ny habitant, tout se fera de leur pur mouvement, et sans qu'il paraisse que j'en eusse connoissance."

"Cela est tres essentiel, aussy ai-je ecrit au Sr. de Boishebert d'observer beaucoup de prudence dans ses demarches et de les faire tres secretement pour que les Anglois ne puissent pas s'apercevoir que nous pourvoyons aux besoins des dits sauvages."

"Ce seront les missionnaires qui feront toutes les negociations et qui dirigeront les pas des dits sauvages, ils sont en tres bonnes mains, le R.P. Germain et M. l'Abbe Le Loutre etant fort au fait d'en tirer tout le party possible et le plus avantageux pour nos interets, ils menageront leur intrigue de facon a n'y pas paroitre...."

"Je sens, Monseigneur, toute la delicatesse de cette negociation, soyez persuade que je la conduirai avec tant de precautions que les anglois ne pourront pas dire que mes ordres y ont eu part." La Jonquiere au Ministre, 9 Oct. 1749.

Missionaries to be encouraged in their Efforts to make the Indians attack the English. - "Les sauvages.... se distinguent, depuis la paix, dans les mouvements qu'il y a du cote de l'Acadie, et sur lesquels Sa Majeste juge a propos d'entrer dans quelques details avec le Sieur de Raymond...."

"Sa Majeste luy a deja observe que les sauvages ont ete jusqu'a present dans les dispositions les plus favorables. Il est de la plus grande importance, et pour le present et pour l'avenir, de ne rien negliger pour les y maintenir. Les missionnaires qui sont aupres d'eux sont plus a portes d'y contribuer que personne, et Sa Majeste a lieu d'etre satisfaite des soins qu'ils y donnent. Le Sr. de Raymond doit exciter ces missionnaires a ne point se relacher sur cela; mais en meme temps il doit les avertir de contenir leur zele de maniere qu'ils ne se compromettent pas mal a propos avec les anglois et qu'ils ne donnent point de justes sujets de plaintes." Memoire du Roy pour servir d'Instruction au Comte de Raymond, 24 Avril, 1751.

Acadians to join the Indians in attacking the English. - "Pour que ces Sauvages agissent avec beaucoup de Courage, quelques accadiens habilles et mataches comme les Sauvages pourront se joindre a eux pour faire coup sur les Anglois. Je ne puis eviter de consentir a ce que ces Sauvages feront puisque nous avons les bras lies et que nous ne pouvons rien faire par nous-memes, au surplus je ne crois pas qu'il y ait de l'inconvenient de laisser meler les accadiens parmi les Sauvages, parceque s'ils sont pris, nous dirons qu'ils ont agi de leur propre mouvement." La Jonquiere au Ministre, 1 Mai, 1751.

Cost of Le Loutre's Intrigues. - "J'ay deja fait payer a M. Le Loutre depuis l'annee derniere la somme de 11183l. 18s. pour acquitter les depenses qu'il fait journellement et je ne cesse de luy recommander de s'en tenir aux indispensables en evitant toujours de rien compromettre avec le gouvernement anglois." Prevost au Ministre, 22 Juillet, 1750.

Payment for English Scalps in Time of Peace. - "Les Sauvages ont pris, il y a un mois, 18 chevelures angloises [English scalps,] et M. Le Loutre a ete oblige de les payer 1800 l., argent de l'Acadie, dont je luy ay fait le remboursement." Ibid., 16 Aout, 1753.

Many pages might be filled with extracts like the above. These, with most of the other French documents used in Chapter 4, are taken from the Archives de la Marine et des Colonies.

Appendix C

Chapter 5. Washington. Washington and the Capitulation at Fort Necessity. - Villiers, in his Journal, boasts that he made Washington sign a virtual admission that he had assassinated Jumonville. In regard to this point, a letter, of which the following is an extract, is printed in the provincial papers of the time. It is from Captain Adam Stephen, an officer in the action, writing to a friend five weeks after.

"When Mr. Vanbraam returned with the French proposals, we were obliged to take the sense of them from his mouth; it rained so heavy that he could not give us a written translation of them; we could scarcely keep the candle lighted to read them by; they were written in a bad hand, on wet and blotted paper, so that no person could read them but Vanbraam, who had heard them from the mouth of the French officer. Every officer there is ready to declare that there was no such word as assassination mentioned. The terms expressed were, the death of Jumonville. If it had been mentioned we would by all means have had it altered, as the French, during the course of the interview, seemed very condescending, and desirous to bring things to an issue." He then gives several other points in which Vanbraam had misled them.

Dinwiddie, recounting the affair to Lord Albemarle, says that Washington, being ignorant of French, was deceived by the interpreter, who, through poltroonery, suppressed the word assassination.

Captain Mackay, writing to Washington in September, after a visit to Philadelphia, says: "I had several disputes about our capitulation; but I satisfied every person that mentioned the subject as to the articles in question, that they were owing to a bad interpreter, and contrary to the translation made to us when we signed them."

At the next meeting of the burgesses they passed a vote of thanks for gallant conduct to Washington and all his officers by name, except Vanbraam and the major of the regiment, the latter being charged with cowardice, and the former with treacherous misinterpretation of the articles.

Sometime after, Washington wrote to a correspondent who had questioned him on the subject: "That we were wilfully or ignorantly deceived by our interpreter in regard to the word assassination I do aver, and will to my dying moment; so will every officer that was present. The interpreter was a Dutchman little acquainted with the English tongue, therefore might not advert to the tone and meaning of the word in English; but, whatever his motives for so doing, certain it is that he called it the death or the loss of the Sieur Jumonville. So we received and so we understood it, until, to our great surprise and mortification, we found it otherwise in a literal translation." Sparks, Writings of Washington, II. 464, 465.

Appendix D

Chapter 7. Braddock. It has been said that Beaujeu, and not Contrecoeur, commanded at Fort Duquesne at the time of Braddock's expedition. Some contemporaries, and notably the chaplain of the fort, do, in fact, speak of him as in this position; but their evidence is overborne by more numerous and conclusive authorities, among them Vaudreuil, governor of Canada, and Contrecoeur himself, in an official report. Vaudreuil says of him: "Ce commandant s'occupa le 8 [Juillet ] a former un parti pour aller au devant des Anglois;" and adds that this party was commanded by Beaujeu and consisted of 250 French and 650 Indians (Vaudreuil au Ministre, 5 Aout, 1755). In the autumn of 1756 Vaudreuil asked the Colonial Minister to procure a pension for Contrecoeur and Ligneris. He says: "Le premier de ces Messieurs a commande longtemps au fort Duquesne; c'est luy qui a ordonne et dirige tous les mouvements qui se sont faits dans cette partie, soit pour faire abandonner le premier etablissement des Anglois, soit pour les forcer a se retirer du fort Necessite, et soit enfin pour aller au devant de l'armee du General Braddock qui a ete entierement defaite" ( Vaudreuil au Ministre, 8 Nov. 1756.) Beaujeu, who had lately arrived with a reinforcement, had been named to relieve Contrecoeur (Dumas au Ministre, 24 Juillet, 1756), but had not yet done so.

As the report of Contrecoeur has never been printed, I give an extract from it (Contrecceur a Vaudreuil, 14 Juillet, 1755, in Archives de la Marine): -

"Le meme jour [8 Juillet] je formai un party de tout ce que je pouvois mettre hors du fort pour aller a leur rencontre. Il etoit compose de 250 Francois et de 650 sauvages, ce qui faisoit 900 hommes. M. de Beaujeu, capitaine, le commandoit. Il y avoit deux capitaines qui estoient Mrs. Dumas et Ligneris et plusieurs autres officiers subalternes. Ce parti se mit en marche le 9 a 8 heures du matin, et se trouva a midi et demie en presence des Anglois a environ 3 lieues du fort. On commenca a faire feu de part et d'autre. Le feu de l'artillerie ennemie fit reculer un peu par deux fois notre parti. M. de Beaujeu fut tue a la troisieme decharge. M. Dumas prit le commandement et s'en acquitta au mieux. Nos Francois, pleins de courage, soutenus par les sauvages, quoiqu'ils n'eussent point d'artillerie, firent a leur tour plier les Anglois qui se battirent en ordre de bataille et en bonne contenance. Et ces derniers voyant l'ardeur de nos gens qui foncoient avec une vigeur infinie furent enfin obliges de plier tout a fait apres 4 heures d'un grand feu. Mrs. Dumas et Ligneris qui n'avoient plus avec eux q'une vingtaine de Francois ne s'engagerent point dans la poursuite. Ils rentrerent dans le fort, parceq'une grande partie des Canadiens qui n'estoient malheureusement que des enfants s'estoient retires a la premiere decharge."

The letter of Dumas cited in the text has been equally unknown. It was written a year after the battle in order to draw the attention of the minister to services which the writer thought had not been duly recognized. The following is an extract (Dumas au Ministre, 24 Juillet, 1756, in Archives de la Marine): -

"M. de Beaujeu marcha donc, et sous ses ordres M. de Ligneris et moi. Il attaqua avec beaucoup d'audace mais sans nulle disposition; notre premiere decharge fut faite hors de portee; l'ennemi fit la sienne de plus pres, et dans le premier instant du combat, cent miliciens, qui faisaient la moitie de nos Francais lacherent honteusement le pied en criant 'Sauve qui peut.' Deux cadets qui depuis ont ete faits officiers autorisaient cette fuite par leur exemple. Ce mouvement en arriere ayant encourage l'ennemi, il fit retentir ses cris de Vive le Roi et avanca sur nous a grand pas. Son artillerie s'etant preparee pendant ce temps la commenca a faire feu ce qui epouvanta tellement les Sauvages que tout prit la fuite; l'ennemi faisait sa troisieme decharge de mousqueterie quand M. de Beaujeu fut tue."

"Notre deroute se presenta a mes yeux sous le plus desagreable point de vue, et pour n'etre point charge de la mauvaise manoeuvre d'autrui, je ne songeai plus qu'a me faire tuer. Ce fut alors, Monseigneur, qu'excitant de la voix et du geste le peu de soldats qui restait, je m'avancai avec la contenance qui donne le desespoir. Mon peloton fit un feu si vif que l'ennemi en parut etonne; il grossit insensiblement et les Sauvages voyant que mon attaque faisait cesser les cris de l'ennemi revinrent a moi. Dans ce moment j'envoyai M. le Chev'r. Le Borgne et M. de Rocheblave dire aux officiers qui etaient a la tete des Sauvages de prendre l'ennemi en flanc. Le canon qui battit en tete donna faveur a mes ordres. L'ennemi, pris de tous cotes, combattit avec la fermete la plus opiniatre. Des rangs entiers tombaient a la fois; presque tous les officiers perirent; et le desordre s'etant mis par la dans cette colonne, tout prit la fuite."

Whatever may have been the conduct of the Canadian militia, the French officers behaved with the utmost courage, and shared with the Indians the honors of the victory. The partisan chief Charles Langlade seems also to have been especially prominent. His grandson, the aged Pierre Grignon, declared that it was he who led the attack (Draper, Recollections of Grignon, in the Collections of the Wisconsin Historical Society, III.). Such evidence, taken alone, is of the least possible weight; but both the traveller Anbury and General John Burgoyne, writing many years after the event, speak of Langlade, who was then alive, as the author of Braddock's defeat. Hence there can be little doubt that he took an important part in it, though the contemporary writers do not mention his name. Compare Tasse, Notice sur Charles Langlade. The honors fell to Contrecoeur, Dumas, and Ligneris, all of whom received the cross of the Order of St Louis ( Ordres du Roy et Depeches des Ministres, 1755).

Appendix E

Chapter 14. Montcalm. To show the style of Montcalm's familiar letters, I give a few examples. Literal translation is often impossible.

A MADAME DE MONTCALM, A MONTREAL, 16 AVRIL, 1757.

(Extrait.)

"Ma sante assez bonne, malgre beaucoup de travail, surtout d'ecriture. Esteve, mon secretaire, se marie. Beau caractere. Bon autographe, ecrivant vite. Je lui procure un emploi et le moyen de faire fortune s'il veut. Il fait un meilleur mariage que ne lui appartient; malgre cela je crains qu'il ne la fasse pas comme un autre; fat, frivole, joueur, glorieux, petit-maitre, depensier. J'ai toujours Marcel, des soldats copistes dans le besoin....Tous les soldats de Montpellier se portants bien, hors le fils de Pierre mort chez moi. Tout est hors de prix. Il faut vivre honorablement et je le fais, tous les jours seize personnes. Une fois tous les quinze jours chez M. le Gouverneur general et Mr. le Chev. de Levis qui vit aussi tres bien. Il a donne trois beaux grands bals. Pour moi jusqu'au careme, outre les diners, de grands soupers de dames trois fois la semaine. Le jour des devotes prudes, des concerts. Les jours des jeunes des violons d'hazard, parcequ'on me les demandait, cela ne menait que jusqu'a deux heures du matin et il se joignait l'apres-souper compagnie dansante sans etre priee, mais sure d'etre bien recue a celle qui avait soupe. Fort cher, peu amusant, et souvent ennuyeux.... Vous connaissiez ma maison, je l'ai augmentee d'un cocher, d'un frotteur, un garcon de cuisine, et j'ai marie mon aide de cuisine; car je travaille a peupler la colonie: 80 mariages de soldats cet hiver et deux d'officiers. Germain a perdu sa fille. Il a epouse mieux que lui; bonne femme mais sans bien, comme toutes...."

A MADAME DE MONTCALM, A MONTREAL, 6 JUIN, 1757.

(Extrait.)

"J'addresse la premiere de cette lettre a ma mere. Il n'y a pas une heure dans la journee que je ne songe a vous, a elle, et a mes enfants. J'embrasse ma fille; je vous adore, ma tres chere, ainsi que ma mere. Mille choses a mes soeurs. Je n'ai pas le temps de leur ecrire, ni a Naujac, ni aux abbesses.... Des compliments au chateau d'Arbois, aux Du Cayla, et aux Givard. P.S. N'oubliez pas d'envoyer une douzaine de bouteilles d'Angleterre de pinte d'eau de lavande; vous en mettrez quatre pour chaque envoi."

A BOURLAMAQUE, A MONTREAL, 20 FEVRIER, 1757.

(Extrait.)

"Dimanche j'avais rassemble les dames de France hors Mad. de Parfouru qui m'a fait l'honneur de me venir voir il y a trois jours et en la voyant je me suis appercu que l'amour avait des traits de puissance dont on ne pouvait pas rendre raison, non pas par l'impression qu'elle a faite sur mon coeur, mais bien par celle qu'elle a faite sur celui de son epoux. Mercredi une assemblee chez Mad. Varin. Jeudi un bal chez le Chev. de Levis qui avait prie 65 Dames ou demoiselles; Il n'y en avait que trente - autant d'hommes qu'a la guerre. Sa salle bien eclairee, aussi grand que celle de l'Intendance, beaucoup d'ordre, beaucoup d'attention, des rafraichissements en abondance toute la nuit de tout genre et de toute espece et on ne se retira qu'a sept heures du matin. Pour moi qui ay quitte le sejour de Quebec, Je me couchai de bonne heure. J'avais eu ce jour-la huit dames a souper et ce souper etait dedie a Mad. Varin. Demain j'en aurai une demi douzaine. Je ne sais encore a qui il est dedie, Je suis tente de croire que c'est a La Roche Beaucourt Le galant Chev'r. nous donne encore un bal."

Appendix F

Chapter 15. Fort William Henry. WEBB TO LOUDON, FORT EDWARD, 11 AUG. 1757.

Public Record Office. (Extract.)

"On leaving the Camp Yesterday Morning they [the English soldiers ] were stript by the Indians of everything they had both Officers and Men the Women and Children drag'd from among them and most inhumanly butchered before their faces, the party of about three hundred Men which were given them as an escort were during this time quietly looking on, from this and other circumstances we are too well convinced these barbarities must have been connived at by the French. After having destroyed the women and children they fell upon the rear of our Men who running in upon the Front soon put the whole to a most precipitate flight in which confusion part of them came into this Camp about two o'Clock yesterday morning in a most distressing situation, and have continued dropping in ever since, a great many men and we are afraid several Officers were massacred."

The above is independent of the testimony of Frye, who did not reach Fort Edward till the day after Webb's letter was written.

FRYE TO THOMAS HUBBARD, SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF MASSACHUSETTS, ALBANY, 16 AUG. 1757.

Public Record Office. (Extract.)

"We did not march till ye 10th at which time the Savages were let loose upon us, Strips, Kills, &Scalps our people drove them into Disorder Rendered it impossible to Rally, the French Gaurds we were promised shou'd Escort us to Fort Edward Could or would not protect us so that there Opened the most horrid Scene of Barbarity immaginable, I was strip'd myself of my Arms & Cloathing that I had nothing left but Briches Stockings Shoes & Shirt, the Indians round me with their Tomehawks Spears &c threatening Death I flew to the Officers of the French Gaurds for Protection but they would afford me none, therefore was Oblig'd to fly and was in the woods till the 12th in the Morning of which I arriv'd at Fort Edward almost Famished ... with what of Fatigue Starving &c I am obliged to break off but as soon as I can Recollect myself shall write to you more fully."

FRYE, JOURNAL OF THE ATTACK OF FORT WILLIAM HENRY.

Public Record Office. (Extract.)

"Wednesday, August 10th. - Early this morning we were ordered to prepare for our march, but found the Indians in a worse temper (if possible) than last night, every one having a tomahawk, hatchett or some other instrument of death, and Constantly plundering from the officers their arms &ca this Col'o. Monro Complained of, as a breach of the Articles of Capitulation but to no effect, the french officers however told us that if we would give up the baggage of the officers and men, to the Indians, they thought it would make them easy, which at last Col'o. Monro Consented to but this was no sooner done, then they began to take the Officers Hatts, Swords, guns &Cloaths, stripping them all to their Shirts, and on some officers, left no shirt at all, while this was doing they killed and scalp'd all the sick and wounded before our faces and then took out from our troops, all the Indians and negroes, and Carried them off, one of the former they burnt alive afterwards."

"At last with great difficulty the troops gott from the Retrenchment, but they were no sooner out, then the savages fell upon the rear, killing &scalping, which Occasioned an order for a halt, which at last was done in great Confusion but as soon as those in the front knew what was doing in the rear they again pressed forward, and thus the Confusion continued &encreased till we came to the Advanc'd guard of the French, the savages still carrying away Officers, privates, Women and Children, some of which latter they kill'd &scalpt in the road. This horrid scene of blood and slaughter obliged our officers to apply to the Officers of the French Guard for protection, which they refus'd &told them they must take to the woods and shift for themselves which many did, and in all probability many perish't in the woods, many got into Fort Edward that day and others daily Continued coming in, but vastly fatigued with their former hardships added to this last, which threw several of them into Deliriums."

AFFIDAVIT OF MILES WHITWORTH, SURGEON OF THE MASSACHUSETTS REGIMENT, TAKEN BEFORE GOVERNOR POWNALL 17 OCT.1757.

Public Record Office. (Extract.)

"Being duly sworn on the Holy Evangelists doth declare ... that there were also seventeen Men of the Massachusetts Regiment wounded unable to March under his immediate Care in the Intrenched Camp, that according to the Capitulation he did deliver them over to the French Surgeon on the ninth of August at two in the Afternoon ... that the French Surgeon received them into his Custody and placed Centinals of the French Troops upon the said seventeen wounded. That the French Surgeon going away to the French Camp, the said Miles Whitworth continued with the said wounded Men till five o'clock on the Morn of the tenth of August, That the Centinals were taken off and that he the said Whitworth saw the French Indians about 5 O'clock in the Morn of the 10th of August dragg the said seventeen wounded men out of their Hutts, Murder them with their Tomohawks and scalp them, That the French Troops posted round the lines were not further than forty feet from the Hutts where the said wounded Men lay, that several Canadian Officers particularly one Lacorne were present and that none, either Officer or Soldier, protected the said wounded Men."

MILES WHITWORTH. "Sworn before me T. POWNALL."

Appendix G

Chapter 20. Ticonderoga. The French accounts of the battle at Ticonderoga are very numerous, and consist of letters and despatches of Montcalm, Levis, Bougainville, Doreil, and other officers, besides several anonymous narratives, one of which was printed in pamphlet form at the time. Translations of many of them may be found in N.Y. Colonial Documents, X. There are, however, various others preserved in the archives of the War and Marine Departments at Paris which have not seen the light. I have carefully examined and collated them all. The English accounts are by no means so numerous or so minute. Among those not already cited, may be mentioned a letter of Colonel Woolsey of the New York provincials, and two letters from British officers written just after the battle and enclosed in a letter from Alexander Colden to Major Halkett, 17 July. (Bouquet and Haldimand Papers. )

The French greatly exaggerated the force of the English and their losses in the battle. They place the former at from twenty thousand to thirty-one thousand, and the latter at from four thousand to six thousand. Prisoners taken at the end of the battle told them that the English had lost four thousand, - a statement which they readily accepted, though the prisoners could have known little more about the matter than they themselves. And these figures were easily magnified. The number of dead lying before the lines is variously given at from eight hundred to three thousand. Montcalm himself, who was somewhat elated by his victory, gives this last number in one of his letters, though he elsewhere says two thousand; while Levis, in his Journal de la Guerre, says "about eight hundred." The truth is that no pains were taken to ascertain the exact number, which, by the English returns, was a little above five hundred, the total of killed, wounded, and missing being nineteen hundred and forty-four. A friend of Knox, writing to him from Fort Edward three weeks after the battle, gives a tabular statement which shows nineteen hundred and fifty in all, or six more than the official report. As the name of every officer killed or wounded, with the corps to which he belonged, was published at the time (London Magazine, 1758), it is extremely unlikely that the official return was falsified. Abercromby's letter to Pitt, of July 12, says that he retreated "with the loss of four hundred and sixty-four regulars killed, twenty-nine missing eleven hundred and seventeen wounded; and eighty-seven provincials killed, eight missing, and two hundred and thirty-nine wounded, officers of both included." In a letter to Viscount Barrington, of the same date (Public Record Office), Abercromby encloses a full detail of losses, regiment by regiment and company by company, being a total of nineteen hundred and forty-five. Several of the French writers state correctly that about fourteen thousand men (including reserves) were engaged in the attacks; but they add erroneously that there were thirteen thousand more at the Falls. In fact there was only a small provincial regiment left there, and a battalion of the New York regiment, under Colonel Woolsey, at the landing.

A LEGEND OF TICONDEROGA. - Mention has been made of the death of Major Duncan Campbell of Inverawe. The following family tradition relating to it was told me in 1878 by the late Dean Stanley, to whom I am also indebted for various papers on the subject, including a letter from James Campbell, Esq., the present laird of Inverawe, and great-nephew of the hero of the tale. The same story is told, in an amplified form and with some variations, in the Legendary Tales of the Highlands of Sir Thomas Dick Lauder. As related by Dean Stanley and approved by Mr. Campbell, it is this: -

The ancient castle of Inverawe stands by the banks of the Awe, in the midst of the wild and picturesque scenery of the western Highlands. Late one evening, before the middle of the last century, as the laird, Duncan Campbell, sat alone in the old hall, there was a loud knocking at the gate; and, opening it, he saw a stranger, with torn clothing and kilt besmeared with blood, who in a breathless voice begged for asylum. He went on to say that he had killed a man in a fray, and that the pursuers were at his heels. Campbell promised to shelter him. "Swear on your dirk!" said the stranger; and Campbell swore. He then led him to a secret recess in the depths of the castle. Scarcely was he hidden when again there was a loud knocking at the gate, and two armed men appeared. "Your cousin Donald has been murdered, and we are looking for the murderer!" Campbell, remembering his oath, professed to have no knowledge of the fugitive; and the men went on their way. The laird, in great agitation, lay down to rest in a large dark room, where at length he feel asleep. Waking suddenly in bewilderment and terror, he saw the ghost of the murdered Donald standing by his bedside, and heard a hollow voice pronounce the words: "Inverawe! Inverawe! blood has been shed. Shield not the murderer!" In the morning Campbell went to the hiding-place of the guilty man and told him that he could harbor him no longer. "You have sworn on your dirk!" he replied; and the laird of Inverawe, greatly perplexed and troubled, made a compromise between conflicting duties, promised not to betray his guest, led him to the neighboring mountain, and hid him in a cave.

In the next night, as he lay tossing in feverish slumbers, the same stern voice awoke him, the ghost of his cousin Donald stood again at his bedside, and again he heard the same appalling words: "Inverawe! Inverawe! blood has been shed. Shield not the murderer!" At break of day he hastened, in strange agitation, to the cave; but it was empty, the stranger was gone. At night, as he strove in vain to sleep, the vision appeared once more, ghastly pale, but less stern of aspect than before. "Farewell, Inverawe!" it said; "Farewell, till we meet at TICONDEROGA!"

The strange name dwelt in Campbell's memory. He had joined the Black Watch, or Forty-second Regiment, then employed in keeping order in the turbulent Highlands. In time he became its major; and, a year or two after the war broke out, he went with it to America. Here, to his horror, he learned that it was ordered to the attack of Ticonderoga. His story was well known among his brother officers. They combined among themselves to disarm his fears; and when they reached the fatal spot they told him on the eve of the battle, "This is not Ticonderoga; we are not there yet; this is Fort George." But in the morning he came to them with haggard looks. "I have seen him! You have deceived me! He came to my tent last night! This is Ticonderoga! I shall die to-day!" and his prediction was fulfilled.

Such is the tradition. The indisputable facts are that Major Duncan Campbell of Inverawe, his arm shattered by a bullet, was carried to Fort Edward, where, after amputation, he died and was buried. ( Abercromby to Pitt,19 August, 1758.) The stone that marks his grave may still be seen, with this inscription: "Here lyes the Body of Duncan Campbell of Inverawe, Esq, Major to the old Highland Regiment, aged 55 Years, who died on the 17th July, 1758, of the Wounds he received in the Attack of the Retrenchment of Ticonderoga or Carrillon, on the 8th July, 1758."

His son, Lieutenant Alexander Campbell, was severely wounded at the same time, but reached Scotland alive, and died in Glasgow. Mr. Campbell, the present Inverawe, in the letter mentioned above, says that forty-five years ago he knew an old man whose grandfather was foster-brother to the slain major of the forty-second, and who told him the following story while carrying a salmon for him to an inn near Inverawe. The old man's grandfather was sleeping with his son, then a lad, in the same room, but in another bed. This son, father of the narrator, "was awakened," to borrow the words of Mr. Campbell, "by some unaccustomed sound, and behold there was a bright light in the room, and he saw a figure, in full Highland regimentals, cross over the room and stoop down over his father's bed and give him a kiss. He was too frightened to speak, but put his head under his coverlet and went to sleep. Once more he was roused in like manner, and saw the same sight. In the morning he spoke to his father about it, who told him that it was Macdonnochie [the Gaelic patronymic of the laird of Inverawe] whom he had seen, and who came to tell him that he had been killed in a great battle in America. Sure enough, said my informant, it was on the very day that the battle of Ticonderoga was fought and the laird was killed."

It is also said that two ladies of the family of Inverawe saw a battle in the clouds, in which the shadowy forms of Highland warriors were plainly to be described; and that when the fatal news came from America, it was found that the time of the vision answered exactly to that of the battle in which the head of the family fell.

The legend of Inverawe has within a few years found its way into an English magazine, and it has also been excellently told in the Atlantic Monthly of September of this year, 1884, by Miss C.F. Gordon Cumming. Her version differs a little from that given above from the recital of Dean Stanley and the present laird of Inverawe, but the essential points are the same. Miss Gordon Cumming, however, is in error when she says that Duncan Campbell was wounded in the breast, and that he was first buried at Ticonderoga. His burial-place was near Fort Edward, where he died, and where his remains still lie, though not at the same spot, as they were long after removed by a family named Gilchrist, who claimed kinship with the Campbells of Inverawe.

Appendix H

Chapter 25. Wolfe at Quebec. FORCE OF THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH AT THE SIEGE OF QUEBEC.

"Les retranchemens que j'avois fait tracer depuis la riviere St. Charles jusqu'au saut Montmorency furent occupes par plus de 14,000 hommes, 200 cavaliers dont je formai un corps aux ordres de M. de la Rochebeaucour, environ 1,000 sauvages Abenakis et des differentes nations du nord des pays d'en haut. M. de Boishebert arriva ensuite avec les Acadiens et sauvages qu'il avoit rassembles. Je reglai la garnison de Quebec a 2,000 hommes." Vaudreuil au Ministre, 5 Oct. 1759.

The commissary Berniers says that the whole force was about fifteen thousand men, besides Indians, which is less than the number given by Vaudreuil.

Bigot says: "Nous avions 13,000 hommes et mille a 1,200 sauvages, sans compter 2,000 hommes de garnison dans la ville." Bigot au Ministre, 25 Oct. 1759.

The Hartwell Journal du Siege says: "II fut decide qu'on ne laisseroit dans la place que 1,200 hommes, et que tout le reste marcheroit au camp, ou l'on comptoit se trouver plus de 15,000 hommes, y compris les sauvages."

Rigaud, Vaudreuil's brother, writing from Montreal to Bourlamaque on the 23d of June, says: "Je compte que l'armee campee sous Quebec sera de 17,000 hommes bien effectifs, sans les sauvages." He then gives a list of Indians who have joined the army, or are on the way, amounting to thirteen hundred.

At the end of June Wolfe had about eight thousand six hundred effective soldiers. Of these the ten battalions, commonly mentioned as regiments, supplied six thousand four hundred; detached grenadiers from Louisbourg, three hundred; artillery, three hundred; rangers, four hundred; light infantry, two hundred; marines, one thousand. The complement of the battalions was in some cases seven hundred and in others one thousand (Knox, II. 25); but their actual strength varied from five hundred to eight hundred, except the Highlanders, who mustered eleven hundred, their ranks being more than full. Fraser, in his Journal of the Siege, gives a tabular view of the whole. At the end of the campaign Levis reckons the remaining English troops at about six thousand (Levis au Ministre, 10 Nov. 1759), which answers to the report of General Murray: "The troops will amount to six thousand" (Murray to Pitt, 12 Oct. 1759). The precise number is given in the Return of the State of His Majesty's Forces left in Garrison at Quebec, dated 12 Oct. 1759, and signed, Robert Monckton (Public Record Office, America and West Indies, XCIX.). This shows the total of rank and file to have been 6,214, which the addition of officers, sergeants, and drummers raises to about seven thousand, besides 171 artillerymen.

Appendix I

Chapter 27. The Heights of Abraham. One of the most important unpublished documents on Wolfe's operations against Quebec is the long and elaborate Journal memoratif de ce qui s'est passe de plus remarquable pendant qu'a dure le Siege de la Ville de Quebec (Archives de la Marine). The writer, M. de Foligny, was a naval officer who during the siege commanded one of the principal batteries of the town. The official correspondence of Vaudreuil for 1759 (Archives Nationales) gives the events of the time from his point of view; and various manuscript letters of Bigot, Levis, Montreuil, and others (Archives de la Marine, Archives de la Guerre) give additional particulars. The letters, generally private and confidential, written to Bourlamaque by Montcalm, Levis, Vaudreuil, Malartic, Berniers, and others during the siege contain much that is curious and interesting.

Siege de Quebec en 1759, d'apres un Manuscrit depose a la Bibliotheque de Hartwell en Angleterre. A very valuable diary, by a citizen of Quebec; it was brought from England in 1834 by the Hon. D.B. Viger, and a few copies were printed at Quebec in 1836. Journal tenu a l'Armee que commandoit feu M. le Marquis de Montcalm. A minute diary of an officer under Montcalm (printed by the Quebec Historical Society). Memoire sur la Campagne de 1759, par M. de Joannes, Major de Quebec (Archives de la Guerre). Lettres et Depeches de Montcalm (Ibid.). These touch briefly the antecedents of the Siege. Memoires sur le Canada depuis 1749 jusqu'a 1760 (Quebec Historical Society). Journal du Siege de Quebec en 1759, par M. Jean Claude Panet, notaire (Ibid.). The writer of this diary was in Quebec at the time. Several other journals and letters of persons present at the siege have been printed by the Quebec Historical Society, under the title Evenements de la Guerre en Canada durant les Annees 1759 et 1760. Relation de ce qui s'est passe au Siege de Quebec, par une Religieuse de l'Hopital General de Quebec (Quebec Historical Society). Jugement impartial sur les Operations militaires de la Campagne, par M'gr. de Pontbriand, Eveque de Quebec (Ibid.). Memoirs of the Siege of Quebec, from the Journal of a French Officer on board the Chezine Frigate, taken by His Majesty's Ship Rippon, by Richard Gardiner, Esq., Captain of Marines in the Rippon, London, 1761.

General Wolfe's Instructions to Young Officers, Philadelphia, 1778. This title is misleading, the book being a collection of military orders. General Orders in Wolfe's Army (Quebec Historical Society). This collection is much more full than the foregoing, so far as concerns the campaign of 1759. Letters of Wolfe (in Wright's Wolfe), Despatches of Wolfe, Saunders, Monckton, and Townshend (in contemporary magazines). A Short Authentic Account of the Expedition against Quebec, by a Volunteer upon that Expedition, Quebec, 1872. This valuable diary is ascribed to James Thompson, a volunteer under Wolfe, who died at Quebec in 1830 at the age of ninety-eight, after holding for many years the position of overseer of works in the Engineer Department. Another manuscript, for the most part identical with this, was found a few years ago among old papers in the office of the Royal Engineers at Quebec. Journal of the Expedition on the River St. Lawrence. Two entirely distinct diaries bear this name. One is printed in the New York Mercury for December, 1759; the other was found among the papers of George Alsopp, secretary to Sir Guy Carleton, who served under Wolfe (Quebec Historical Society). Johnstone, A Dialogue in Hades (Ibid.). The Scotch Jacobite, Chevalier Johnstone, as aide-de-camp to Levis, and afterwards to Montcalm, had great opportunities of acquiring information during the campaign; and the results, though produced in the fanciful form of a dialogue between the ghosts of Wolfe and Montcalm, are of substantial historical value. The Dialogue is followed by a plain personal narrative. Fraser, Journal of the Siege of Quebec (Ibid.). Fraser was an officer in the Seventy-eighth Highlanders. Journal of the Siege of Quebec, by a Gentleman in an Eminent Station on the Spot, Dublin, 1759. Journal of the Particular Transactions during the Siege of Quebec (Notes and Queries, XX.). The writer was a soldier or noncommissioned officer serving in the light infantry.

Memoirs of the Siege of Quebec and Total Reduction of Canada, by John Johnson, Clerk and Quarter-master Sergeant to the Fifty-eighth Regiment. A manuscript of 176 pages, written when Johnson was a pensioner at Chelsea (England). The handwriting is exceedingly neat and clear; and the style, though often grandiloquent, is creditable to a writer in his station. This curious production was found among the papers of Thomas McDonough, Esq., formerly British Consul at Boston, and is in possession of his grandson, my relative, George Francis Parkman, Esq., who, by inquiries at the Chelsea Hospital, learned that Johnson was still living in 1802.

I have read and collated with extreme care all the above authorities, with others which need not be mentioned.

Among several manuscript maps and plans showing the operations of the siege may be mentioned one entitled, Plan of the Town and Basin of Quebec and Part of the Adjacent Country, shewing the principal Encampments and Works of the British Army commanded by Major Gen'l. Wolfe, and those of the French Army by Lieut. Gen'l. the Marquis of Montcalm. It is the work of three engineers of Wolfe's army, and is on a scale of eight hundred feet to an inch. A facsimile from the original in possession of the Royal Engineers is before me.

Among the "King's Maps," British Museum (CXIX. 27), is a very large colored plan of operations at Quebec in 1759, 1760, superbly executed in minute detail.

Appendix J

Chapter 28. Fall of Quebec. Death and Burial of Montcalm. - Johnstone, who had every means of knowing the facts, says that Montcalm was carried after his wound to the house of the surgeon Arnoux. Yet it is not quite certain that he died there. According to Knox, his death took place at the General Hospital; according to the modern author of the Ursulines de Quebec, at the Chateau St.-Louis. But the General Hospital was a mile out of the town, and in momentary danger of capture by the English; while the Chateau had been made untenable by the batteries of Point Levi, being immediately exposed to their fire. Neither of these places was one to which the dying general was likely to be removed, and it is probable that he was suffered to die in peace at the house of the surgeon.

It has been said that the story of the burial of Montcalm in a grave partially formed by the explosion of a bomb, rests only on the assertion in his epitaph, composed in 1761 by the Academy of Inscriptions at the instance of Bougainville. There is, however, other evidence of the fact. The naval captain Foligny, writing on the spot at the time of the burial, says in his Diary, under the date of September 14: "A huit heures du soir, dans l'eglise des Ursulines, fut enterre dans une fosse faite sous la chaire par le travail de la Bombe, M. le Marquis de Montcalm, decede du matin a 4 heures apres avoir recu tous les Sacrements. Jamais General n'avoit ete plus aime de sa troupe et plus universellement regrette. Il etoit d'un esprit superieur, doux, gracieux, affable, familier a tout le monde, ce qui lui avoit fait gagner la confiance de toute la Colonie: requiescat in pace."

The author of Les Ursulines de Quebec says: "Un des projectiles ayant fait une large ouverture dans le plancher de bas, on en profita pour creuser la fosse du general."

The Boston Post Boy and Advertiser, in its issue of Dec. 3, 1759, contains a letter from "an officer of distinction" at Quebec to Messrs. Green and Russell, proprietors of the newspaper. This letter contains the following words: "He [Montcalm] died the next day; and, with a little Improvement, one of our 13-inch Shell-Holes served him for a Grave."

The particulars of his burial are from the Acte Mortuaire du Marquis de Montcalm in the registers of the Church of Notre Dame de Quebec, and from that valuable chronicle, Les Ursulines de Quebec, composed by the Superior of the convent. A nun of the sisterhood, Mere Aimable Dube de Saint-Ignace, was, when a child, a witness of the scene, and preserved a vivid memory of it to the age of eighty-one.

Appendix K

Chapter 29. Sainte-Foy. STRENGTH OF THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH AT THE BATTLE OF STE-FOY

In the Public Record Office (America and West Indies, XCIX) are preserved the tabular returns of the garrison of Quebec for 1759, 1760, sent by Murray to the War Office. They show the exact condition of each regiment, in all ranks, for every month of the autumn, winter, and spring. The return made out on the 24th of April, four days before the battle, shows that the total number of rank and file, exclusive of non commissioned officers and drummers, was 6,808, of whom 2,612 were fit for duty in Quebec, and 654 at other places in Canada, that is, at Ste Foy, Old Lorette, and the other outposts. This gives a total of 3,266 rank and file fit for duty at or near Quebec, besides which there were between one hundred and two hundred artillerymen, and a company of rangers. This was Murray's whole available force at the time. Of the rest of the 6,808 who appear in the return, 2,299 were invalids at Quebec, and 669 in New York, 538 were on service in Halifax and New York, and 36 were absent on furlough. These figures nearly answer to the condensed statement of Fraser, and confirm the various English statements of the numbers that took part in the battle; namely, 3,140 (Knox), 3,000 (John Johnson), 3,111, and elsewhere, in round numbers, 3,000 (Murray) Levis, with natural exaggeration, says 4,000. Three or four hundred were left in Quebec to guard the walls when the rest marched out.

I have been thus particular because a Canadian writer, Garneau, says "Murray sortit de la ville le 28 au matin a la tete de toute la garnison, dont les seules troupes de la ligne comptaient encore 7,714 combattants, non compris les officiers." To prove this, he cites the pay-roll of the garrison, which, in fact, corresponds to the returns of the same date, if noncommissioned officers, drummers, and artillerymen are counted with the rank and file. But Garneau falls into a double error. He assumes, first, that there were no men on the sick list, and secondly, that there were none absent from Quebec, when in reality, as the returns show, considerably more than half were in one or the other of these categories. The pay-rolls were made out at the headquarters of each corps, and always included the entire number of men enlisted in it, whether sick or well, present or absent. On the same fallacious premises Garneau affirms that Wolfe, at the battle on the Plains of Abraham, had eight thousand soldiers, or a little less than double his actual force.

Having stated, as above, that Murray marched out of Quebec with at least 1,714 effective troops, Garneau, not very consistently, goes on to say that he advanced against Levis with six thousand or seven thousand men, and he adds that the two armies were about equal, because Levis had left some detachments behind to guard his boats and artillery. The number of the French, after they had all reached the field, was, in truth, about seven thousand; at the beginning of the fight it seems not to have exceeded five thousand. The Relation de la seconde Bataille de Quebec says: "Notre petite armee consistoit au moment de l'action en 3,000 hommes de troupes reglees et 2,000 Canadiens ou sauvages." A large number of Canadians came up from Sillery while the affair went on, and as the whole French army, except the detachments mentioned by Garneau, had passed the night at no greater distance from the field than Ste-Foy and Sillery, the last man must have reached it before the firing was half over.

Index

A
Abenaki Indians, 50, 122, 157, 262, 335
destruction of their town, 520

Abercromby, James, British general, 270, 409, 410, 432, 434, 460
arrives in Albany, 280
praises Robert Rogers, 309, 310n.
joy at fall of Louisbourg, 404
Wolfe's comments on, 411
his blunders, 418, 428
attacks Ticonderoga (1758), 422-424
his defeat, 425
his retreat, 426

Abraham, heights of, 523 (See also Quebec)
Wolfe's plan to climb, 521-532, 537
guarded by Captain de Vergor, 533, 535
surprised and captured, 540

Abraham, Plains of, 542 (See also Quebec)
Wolfe's army forms on, 542
battle for Quebec on, 544-550
rout of French forces,. 546-550
behavior of Canadians, 549-550
French and English losses, 547n.-548, 552, 637-638
report of battle on, 638-639

Acadia (Nova Scotia), Conflict for, 82-106
conquered by Nicholson, 82
ceded to England (1713), 82
guaranteed religious freedom, 82, 87
hostility of French-Canadian authorities, 82, 84, 174-175
English patience and moderation, 83, 85, 94-96, 175
Halifax founded, 84
treachery of French clergy, 86-102
British seize ship in, 97
British-French disputes over boundaries, 102-105
failure to settle boundary disputes, 105
life in, 189-190
emigration under French pressure (1748-1755), 17n.
its value to France, 175-176
British remove settlers, 186-205
delay in finding British settlers, 205

Acadian, oath of allegiance to George II, 83, 87
urged to leave by French, 87, 89, 93ff.
threats of Le Loutre, missionary priest, 93ff., 102, 174
forced from Beaubassin by Le Loutre, 98ff., 174
misery of refugees, 100-102
removal by British, 186-205
reasons for removal, 175, 177, 188-189, 191-193
their misery at Beausejour, 179-180
heartless treatment from French authorities, 180-181
life of, 189-190
powers of church over, 190
refuse pledge of allegiance to George II, 191-193
English treatment of, 625
ordered by priests to join Indian attacks, 626

Adams, Captain, 194, 198

Africa, French driven from, 615
English power in, 615
Senegal ceded to England, 618
Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 31, 38, 102

Albemarle, Lord, British Minister to France (1752), 91n., 139
Lord Chesterfield's comment on, 139
dies in Paris, 142

Albany, New York, in the 1750's, 228-229

Albemarle, Earl of (1761), takes Havana, 615

Alembert, D', 35

Alequippa, Iroquois Chieftoness, 54
joins Washington's men, 120

Algonquin, or Algonkin Indians, 72, 122, 262, 335
divination practices of, 305n.

Allen, Ensign, 152

Amherst, Major-General Jeffry, 516, 526, 527, 531
commands Louisbourg expedition, 385
sails for Halifax, 387
reaches Louisbourg, 390
his siege of Louisbourg, 394-399
Louisbourg surrenders, 401-402
his courtesy to French, 403
takes French posts around Louisbourg, 405
his relations with Wolfe, 406
joins Abercromby, 406, 437
discusses attack on Ticonderoga, 438
prepare for advance on Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Montreal, 507
marches on Ticonderoga, 509
French retreat and fort falls, 510
rebuilds fort, 510, 516
postpones going to Wolfe's aid, 511
finally embarks, 517
turned back by storms, 518
winters at Crown Point, 518
his blunders, 518
his plan to capture Montreal, 590
sails from Oswego, 594
takes Fort Levis, 595
arrives at Montreal, 596
Montreal surrenders, 597-598

Annapolis, Fort (Acadia), 83ff.

Anson, First Lord of the Admiralty (England 1754), 139

Anthonay D', Lieutenant-Colonel, 400

"Apostle of the Iroquois" (see Piquet, Abbe)

Appleton, Nathaniel, 601

Apthorp, Boston merchant, 181

Argens, D', 607
Frederick the Great, letters to, 607-608

Argenson, D', French Minister of War (1743), 35, 252
appoints Montcalm to Canadian Command, 255

Armstrong, Colonel John, destroys Indian stronghold, 296-297

Arnoux, surgeon, Montcalm dies at his house, 556

Ashley, John, 272

Aubry, French officer, 513ff.

Augustus, Elector of Saxony, 32

Austria (See also Maria Theresa)
her defeat at Rossbach, 380
signs treaty of Hubertsburg, 619

Avery, Ensign, 520

B

Bagley, Colonel Jonathon, Fort William Henry commander, 273-274

Barre, Major-General, 528

Barrington, Viscount, 610

Beaubassin (Acadia), occupied by British, 98
Le Loutre forces Acadians to leave, 98ff.

Beaujieu, Captain at Fort Duquesne, 157
plans to ambush Braddock, 158-160

Beausejour, Fort, 100, 177-186
Lawrence authorizes attack on, 177
corruption in, 178-181
siege of, 182-185
its surrender, 185-186
name changed to Fort Cumberland, 186

Bedford, Duke of, 610

Belcher, Governor of New York, 276

Belleisle, Marechalde, French war minister (1758), 376
forced to abandon Canada, 468

Berkeley, Sir William, Governor of Virginia, 44

Bernes, officer with Montcalm, 418

Berniers, Commissary-General, Quebec, 523, 567

Berry, with Montcalm at Ticonderoga, 411
defends fort, 422

Berryer, French Colonial Minister (1758), 375
accuses Bigot of fraud, 375-376
orders him to report to Montcalm, 378
refuses help to Canada, 466

Biddle, Edward, reports on Indian attacks, 244

Bienville, Celeron de (See Celeron de Bienville)

Bigot, Francois, Intendant of Canada, 265, 322, 356, 535
his corruption, 76, 80, 178-179, 320, 366-377
reports on Le Loutre's work, 88
helps Le Loutre incite Indians, 89
appearance and personality, 365
investigation of his frauds, 377
at siege of Quebec, 485
votes to fight, 553
collects provisions, 558
returns to France, 604
jailed and tried for fraud, 605

Blanchard, Colonel, on Crown Point expedition, 212, 214

Blodget, Samuel, 220

Boishebert, Sieurde, French officer in Acadia, 87
sets Indians on British, 88
attributes misery of Acadians to priests, 193
attacks British in Acadia, 200
at siege of Louisbourg, 396
tried for fraud, 463-464, 605

Bonnecamp, Father, 49-50, 53, 58

Boscawen, British Admiral, 142
sails for Halifax with troops, 386-387
lands troops at Louisbourg, 390-391
takes part in siege, 400-401

Bougainville, aide-de-campe to Montcalm, 255ff., 263, 265, 304-305,
316ff., 589, 593
joins Indian war party, 299-300
his horror at Indian cruelties, 300, 356, 360
comments on Vaudreuil's treatment of Montcalm, 322
attends Indian feast, 329, 329n.
comments on Indians, 330, 331, 333-334, 345
carries terms to Monro at Fort William Henry, 346
sent to Montreal, 349
comments on official corruption, 371-372
comments on Vaudreuil's plans, 410
sent to France for help to Canada, 465-467
arranges marriage for Montcalm's son and daughter, 467
returns to Canada, 468
guards Quebec shores, 525, 533-534
is deceived by Wolfe's feint, 535-536, 538
despair at army's retreat, 552
sends troops to Quebec, 558
help arrives too late, 559

Bouquet, Colonel Henry, at Fort Duquesne, 440ff.
his difficulties on the march, 442, 445
his tact with Indian allies, 444

Bourlamaque, Chevalier de, third in command to Montcalm, 255, 315ff.
tries to stop Fort William Henry massacre, 350
Montcalm's letters to, 358-359
at Ticonderoga, 411, 416, 418, 426, 481
retires from Ticonderoga, 509, 516
hears from Montcalm, 532-533
Levis asks him to hold on, 558
at defense of Montreal, 592
half his force deserts, 592
forced to retreat, 594
negotiates Montreal surrender, 597

Braddock, Major-General, 140-173, 174, 207
secret orders, 141
Shirley's opinion of, 144
Walpole's comments on, 144-148
Benjamin Franklin's opinion of, 144
anecdotes about, 145-146
meets with Colonial governors, 146-147
plans attacks on Fort Duquesne, 148-149
his fury at Colonial apathy, 150-151
Benjamin Franklin helps, 151-152
march on Fort Duquesne, 152-160
his ability, 152
George Washington's comments on, 152-153
his opinion and treatment of Indians, 154
hardships of march, 155-156
ambushed and defeated, 161-164, 165n.
horrors of massacre, 163
casualties of his forces, 164 and n.
his personal courage, 164
fatally wounded, 164
his retreat, 164-168
his death, 168
reports of massacre, 168-170
disastrous results of defeat to settlers, 230, 234-248
bones of his men found, 457
Contrecoeur's report on rout, 628-630

Bradstreet, Lieutenant Colonel John, 276-279
convoys stores to Oswego, 277
repels French attack, 278-279
some of his boatmen sent to Oswego, 284
in Ticonderoga campaign, 415, 417-418, 422
his plan to take Fort Frontenac, 436
his success, 437
prevents massacre of prisoners, 437
destroys Fort Duquesne supplies, 454

Breard, naval comptroller at Quebec, 368
jailed and tried for fraud, 605

British Colonial troops, organization and pay, 271-272
discipline of, 272

British Colonies (See English Colonies)

Brown, Lieutenant, carries mortally wounded Wolfe to rear, 546

Bull, Fort, destroyed by French, 264

Bullitt, Captain, 452-453

Burd, Colonel, in Duquesne expedition, 441, 443ff.

Burke, Captain, escapes Fort William Henry massacre, 351

Burney, Thomas, fur trader, escapes from French, 79

Burton, Lieutenant-Colonel,
with Braddock, 163
reports on Winslow's camp, 281-282
with Wolfe at Quebec, 537, 541, 542
receives Wolfe's last order, 546

Bury, Viscount, comments on Massachusetts, 408

Bussy, M. de, French envoy to London, 611

Bute, Earl of, Secretary of
State (1761), 610

Byng, Admiral, 384
defeat at Minorca, 48
death of, 48

Cadet, Joseph, Commissary-General of Canada, frauds of, 368-374
famine caused by, 370
sends supplies to Quebec, 482
jailed and tried for fraud, 605

Campbell, Major Duncan, at Ticonderoga, 414, 424
legend about his death, 635-637

Campbell, Captain John, killed at Ticonderoga, 424

Canada, 25
census of 1754, 38
census of 1755 and 1760, 38n.
Catholic influence in, 38-39
her military position, 40-41, 47
Indian tribes of, 40
power of Church (See Acadia and Acadians)
officials incite Indians to raid, 137
military life in, 267-268
social life in, 366-368
official corruption in, 365-374
Church fails to check corruption, 373
financial straits of, 374
loyalty of her people, 463
treatment of her people by officials, 463-464
dark days of 1758-1759, 460-470
France cannot help, 467-468
warned of attack on Quebec, 468
mobilizes for defense, 481
passes to British Crown, 598
people assured religious freedom, 598
people protected from Indians, 598

Captain Jacobs, Delaware Indian Chief, 296
killed, 297

Carleton, Sir Guy, Wolfe's friend, 476, 500

Carlos III of Spain, 612

Carter, Landon, 236

Carver, Jonathan, escapes Fort William Henry massacre, 351

Catawba Indians, 112, 444

Catherine of Russia, 614

Catholicism, influence on growth of New France, 38-39

Caughnawaga's Indians, 157

Cayuga Indians, 275

Chandler, Chaplain, 225

Celoron de Bienville, expedition to the Ohio (1749), 48-64
travel difficulties, 49-50, 57-58
hostility of Indians, 52-58
claims the Ohio for France, 52-55
warns English traders, 53-56, 58
sent to command Fort Detroit, 73
refuses to attack Pickawillany, 76

Charles VI of Austria, 37

Chesterfield, Lord, comment on Lord Albemarle, 139
reconciles Pitt and Newcastle, 380-381
his worry over England's future, 383

Cherokee Indians, 112, 323, 444

Chickasaw Indians, 112

Choiseul, Duc de, French minister (1761), 610
his character, 610-611
proposes European peace conference, 611
proposes negotiations with England on colonies, 611-612
negotiates secretly with Spain, 612

Choctaw Indians, 323
William Henry, 428, 430, 432, 436

Clerk, British engineer, 420-421

Clermont, Comte de, 384

Clinton, George, New York governor (1752), 63-64
complains French violate peace treaty, 75

Clive, victory at Plassey, 383

Connecticut, votes troops for Crown Point, 207
her sacrifices for Canadian campaigns, 409

Connor, James, scout, 290

Contrecoeur, Commandant at Fort Duquesne, 115, 118, 122, 157
awaits success of Braddock ambush, 159
his report on Braddock's rout, 628-630

Cope, Jean-Baptiste, Indian chief, treachery of, 90-91, 100

Corflans, French Admiral, his fleet crippled by British, 615

Cornwallis, Edward, Governor of Acadia (1749), 83
Wolfe's opinion of, 83
Walpole's comments on, 83
his patience and moderation, 83, 85, 94-96
asks pledge of allegiance from Acadians, 86
discovers treachery of French clergy, 92-93
sends troops to Beaubassin, 98

Corpron, accomplice of Cadet, 368, 373
jailed and tried for fraud, 605

Courserac, Chevalier de, 401

Crawford, Rev. William, comments on conditions in British camp,
283-284

Croghan, George, trader, 52, 59-60, 62-63
French offer reward for his scalp, 75-76
brings Indians to help Braddock, 154

Crown Point Expedition, 207-226
William Johnson named commander, 207
French prepare defense, 209
Johnson marches, 210ff.
battle at Lake George, 217-226
French routed, 221
British losses, 223
expedition a failure, 224
fort abandoned by French, 510
occupied and rebuilt by British, 511

Cumberland, Duke of, 30, 139, 294, 380, 383, 384

Cumberland, Fort, prepared for Braddock's expedition, 152

Cummings, Colonel, at site of Fort William Henry, 428

D

Dalling, Major, 573

Dalquier, Colonel, 551, 581

Dalzel, Captain, killed at Detroit, 433

De Cosne, British embassy secretary, 142

Delancey, New York Governor (1754), 132n., 226
asked for help against French in the Ohio, 114
attends Braddock's conference, 146
sides with William Johnson, 234
his cabal against Shirley, 270

Delancey, Oliver, British soldiers quartered on, 306

Delaware Indians, 50, 53, 54, 62-63, 101, 122, 154, 234, 275, 276,
296-298

Delouche, sends fire ships against Wolfe, 491

Demoiselle, Miami Chief, 57, 60-61, 78
killed by French Indians, 79

Desandrouin, French engineer, 418

Desauniers, Demoiselles, Canadian traders, 66

Desgouttes, naval commander at Louisbourg siege, 396, 400

Desherbes, harasses British in Acadia, 88ff.
Detroit, early days as French fort, 72
French try to build it up, 73
small-pox in, 77

Diderot, 35

Dieskau, Baron, commander of French regulars, 209
reaches Crown Point, 214
sends expedition toward Fort Lyman, 215-216
attacks William Johnson's forces, 218-220
wounded and captured, 220-221
his expedition routed, 221
Johnson protects him from Mohawks, 222
sent as prisoner to England, 222
returns to France and dies, 223

Dinwiddie, Robert, Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia
his opinion of Indian traders, 51
comments on Ohio Valley boundary dispute with Pennsylvania, 63
protests French invasion of the Ohio, 108-110
warns England, 111
ordered to drive French out, 112
difficulties with his Assembly, 112-114
failure of first expedition 115-116
his letter to Colonel Innes, 128
Assembly votes funds for Ohio defense, 130
his opinion of colonists' good sense, 131
advises war levies on colonies 133, 148
letter to Granville on number of French in the Ohio, 137
makes difficulties for George Washington defending Virginia
borders, 236-237
his dislike of Washington, 439

Dobbs, North Carolina governor, 144
attends Braddock's conference, 146

Doreil, French Commissary of War,
reports on official corruption, 464-465
sent to ask France for help, 465

Douville, French officer, 295

Drucour, Louisbourg governor, prepares defense, 390
his brave defense of Louisbourg, 395ff., 403
negotiates for surrender, 400-402
well-treated by Amherst, 403

Drucour, Mme., bravery of, 396, 403

Duchat, French, Captain, describes life at Ticonderoga, 267-268

Duchesnaye, 367

Dumas, French Captain at Fort Duquesne, 157, 158n., 161-162, 165,
235, 589
sets Indians on English settlers, 235ff.
reports destruction of Indiantown, 298
at defense of Quebec, 496, 499, 502
at defense of Montreal, 592

Dumas, M., tutor to Montcalm, 252-253

Dunbar, Colonel Thomas, with Braddock, 152
destroys supplies after ambush, 168
starts retreat, 168
reaches Fort Cumberland, 169
abandons frontier to its fate, 172-173
Dinwiddie calls conduct "monstrous," 173 and n.
disastrous results of retreat to settlers, 234-248

Duquesne, Fort, established, 115
garrison reinforced, 121
site of, 156
strength of, 156-157
Braddock ambushed from, 161
Washington urges capture of, 439
Forbes marches on, 439-459
its supplies cut off, 454-455
garrison destroys it and retires, 457
British occupy site, 457
its name changed to Pittsburg, 457
its conquest opens the West, 459

Duquesne, Marquis, Governor of Canada (1753), 51n.
sends expedition to occupy the Ohio, 79-80, 106ff.
recalled to France, 209

Durell, Admiral in Wolfe's Quebec fleet, 478
fails to intercept French ships, 482
arrives in Canada, 483, 486

E

Edwards, Jonathan, 42

Elder, John, reports Indian attacks, 244

Elizabeth of Russia, 36
her hatred of Frederic the Great, 250
her death, 614

England in the mid 1700's, 29-31
effect of Seven Years War, 26
political aspects, 29, 31
social aspects, 30
her military status, 31
her American colonies, 25, 38-47
her rule in Nova Scotia (See Acadia)
her difficulties in Acadia, 82-102
extent of her claims in Acadia, 104n.
urges colonies to make joint treaties with Indians, 134
her naval strength, 139
her military strength, 139
her leadership weakness, 139
her bad faith toward France, 139-143 and n.
her policy of attack, 140
sends Braddock and troops to Virginia, 140
attacks French troop ships, 142-143
declares war on France (1756), 250
makes treaty with Frederic the Great, 250
loses Minorca, 380
William Pitt takes power, 380-381
her gloomy prospects in 1757, 383
Clive's victory in India, 383
fresh power under Pitt, 384-387
her joy at the fall of Louisbourg, 403
her celebrations on Quebec's surrender, 565
regains Minorca, 618

English colonies in the mid-1700's, 41-47
confined to Atlantic coast, 38
their population, 38
political differences, 41, 43-46
racial strains, 41, 44-45
Puritanism in New England, 42
religious differences, 42, 44
slavery in, 44, 236
jealousy between, 47

Esteve, Montcalm's secretary, 255, 257

Europe in the mid 1700's, 31-38, 379-380, 619
the Seven Years War, 25-26
the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 31, 38, 102
France, 31-36
Germany, 36
Prussia, 36
Russia, 36
Austria, 37
the treaty of Utrecht, 75, 102
political aspects, 250-252
the Peace of Paris, 620-623

Eyre, Captain, 219
winters at Fort William Henry, 305-307
repulses French attack, 311-313

F

Ferdinand Prince of Brunswick, English commander, 384
his successes in Europe and Africa, 384-385

Ferdinand VI of Spain, death of, 612

Fitch, at Ticonderoga, 417

Five Nations (See Iroquois)

Folsom, Captain at Fort Lyman, 221

Forbes, John, brigadier in charge of Fort Duquesne expedition, 385
his slow advance, 438-441 445
his character, 439-440
refuses Washington's advice, 441
his opinion of provincials, 441
his illness, 442-443, 455-456, 458
his ignorance of French strength, 444-445
builds Fort Bedford, 445
arranges Indian convention, 446-450
his peace overtures accepted, 451
occupies Fort Duquesne, 458
his death, 459

Forbes, Eli, 600-601

Foxcroft, Thomas, 600

France, in the mid 1700's, 31-36
her power, 31-32
signs of decay, 31, 34-35
Louis XV and Mme. Pompadour, 25, 34-35
her philosophers, 35
American colonies claimed, 25-26, 38-40, 50
Commission on Acadia boundaries fails, 102
threatens growth of English colonies, 133
her naval strength, 139
her military strength, 139
her leadership weakness, 139
need for time, 139
her policy of diplomacy, 139-140
bad faith toward England, 139-143
sends troops and ships to Canada, 140
ships intercepted by British, 142-143
French losses, 143
incites Indians to massacre British, 141-142, 234-248
(See Piquet, Le Loutre, and Acadia)
declares war on England, 250
war in colonies subordinated, 252
Montcalm sent to Canada, 255
few troops allowed him, 257
victory at Oswego, 289-290
defeat at Rosbach, 380
Pompadour's role in ruin of, 383
Fort Frontenac falls, 437
importance of its loss, 437
her finances ruined, 466
her navy crippled, 466
she abandons Canada, 468
her need for peace, 610
the Peace of Paris, 620-623

Franklin, Benjamin, 42, 617
his project of colonial union, 136
his opinion of Braddock, 144
helps Braddock get supplies, 150-152
leader in Pennsylvania Assembly, 240, 247n., 248-249
defends Shirley on loss of Oswego, 294
comments on General Loudon, 325

Franquet, engineer, 365
at siege of Louisbourg, 359-360
his stories of Bigot, 366-368

Fraser, trader, 109n., 111

Frederic the Great of Prussia, 36, 606-609
begins Seven Years War, 379
his defeats and victories, 379-380
his letter to Voltaire, 607
his letters to D'Argen, 607-608
Pitt's resignation a blow, 613
signs a peace with Russia and Sweden, 614
French army in Canada, camp conditions, 282

Frontiersmen, life of, 238
frequent fate of, 235-248

Frontenac, Fort, Piquet's reception at, 72
Bradstreet attacks, 436
fort surrenders, 437
prisoners protected from Indians, 437
fort leveled, 437
importance of loss to France, 437

Fry, Colonel Joshua, 114
illness and death of, 120
with Winslow in Acadia, 200
survives Fort William Henry massacre, 349-351
his reports on Fort William Henry massacre, 632-633

G

Gage, Lieutenant-Colonel, with Braddock, 159, 160-161
wounded in ambush, 164
takes over command from William Johnson at Niagara, 516

Galissoniere, Marquis de la, Governor of Canada (1749), 103-104
asks for colonists from France, 38-39, 48
his character and appearance, 48
his plans to link Canada and Louisiana, 48
his recall to France, 74

Gardiner, Captain of the Monmouth, his historic fight, 386

Gates, officer wounded in Braddock ambush, 164

George II of England, 29
Acadians refuse oath of allegiance to, 83, 86
his comment on Wolfe, 477
his death, 609

George III of England, 609, 615, 616

Germain, French missionary in Acadia, 88 (See also Piquet,
and Le Loutre)
incites Indians to attack British, 90

Germany in the mid 1700's, 36

German Flats, massacre at, 357

Girard, Acadian priest, 92

Gist, Christopher, trader, 52
explores land for the Ohio Company, 58-60
guides Washington in the Ohio. 109ff.
his settlement, 117
brings news of Fry's death, 120

Gladwin, defends Fort Detroit, 164
wounded in Braddock ambush, 164

Glen, South Carolina governor, his correspondence with Dinwiddie, 177

Gorham, Captain, reconnoitres Louisbourg, 325

Graham, Rev. John, describes conditions in British camp, 282-284

Grant, Major
reconnoitres Fort Duquesne, 451-452
his blunders, 452-453
captured by French, 453, 454n.
Forbes upset by reverse, 454

Granville Stockade, burned by French, 295

Gray, Sergeant James, 229

Great Meadows, Washington's camp at, 116-117
French victory at, 125
French and British losses, 125 and n.
named Fort Necessity, 120
significance of British defeat, 127

Gridley, Colonel, 282

H

Haldimand, Colonel, rebuilds Oswego, 511-512

Half-King, Indian Chief, 107
friend of Washington, 109, 116, 117, 120, 121
French try to win, 110
his comments on English and French, 126
his comments on Washington, 126n.

Halifax, Lord, 139
Halifax, Nova Scotia, founding of, 84
harassed by Indians, 87

Halket, Sir Peter, 152, 162
killed with his son in Braddock ambush, 164

Halket, Major, finds father's and brother's skeletons, 457

Hamilton, James, Pennsylvania Governor (1753)
opinion of traders, 51
tries to strengthen Indian friendship, 62-63
his battles with Assembly for defense funds, 114, 130-131

Hanbury, John, 58, 150n.
Dinwiddie's letter to, 115-116

Hancock, Boston merchant, 181

Handfield, Major, 194, 200

Hardy, Sir Charles, New York Governor (1756), 270, 325

Harris, John, reports on Indian raids, 244

Harris, Mary, 60

Harris, Thomas, British scout, 290

Haviland, Colonel, at Fort Edward, 361
sets out for Montreal, 590
captures Canadian naval force, 594
makes contact with Murray, 594

Hawke, Sir Edward, intercepts French troop ships, 386-387

Hawley, Captain Elisha, 217

Hazan, Moses, British Captain at Beausejour, 183, 299
routs French raiding party, 574
wounded at Sainte-Foy, 582

Hebecourt, French Captain at Ticonderoga, 360
Roger's Rangers plague him, 360
his revenge, 360-362
blows up the fort, 509-510
escapes with his men, 509

Heights of Abraham (See Abraham, heights of)

Henderson, British volunteer,
helps carry mortally wounded Wolfe to rear, 546

Hendrick, Mohawk Chief,
complains of wrongs, 134
conference at Onondaga, 134-136
speech on joint treaty with Britain, 135
advises William Johnson, 217
killed in battle, 217

Hensey, Florence, French spy, 324

Hobbs, Captain, 196, 198

Hocquart, Captain, 142-143 and n.

Hodges, Captain, ambushed by French, 299

Holbourne, Admiral, 142, 324-325
gale shatters his fleet, 326

Holdernesse, Earl of, 130
letter from Wolfe, 530

Holland, Lieutenant, 81

Holmes, Admiral of Wolfe's Quebec fleet, 478, 525, 526, 531, 532,
535, 536

Hopson, Governor of Acadia, 96

Houliere, French officer, 400

Howe, Captain Edward, 99
murder of, 100

Howe, Captain of H.M.S. Dunkirk, 143 and n.

Howe, Colonel, with Wolfe at Quebec, 537-538, 542

Howe, Lord, 358
assigned to Ticonderoga campaign, 385, 415
Abercromby's praise of, 412
Pitt's opinion of, 412
Wolfe's praise of, 412
his character, 412-413
stories about, 413
his death a great blow, 420
approves plan to take Fort Frontenac, 436

Huguenots, persecution in France, 34, 39

Hugues, officer with Montcalm, 418

Huron Indians, 51, 104, 122, 157, 262, 335

Hutchins, Ensign, 531

I

Indian tribes:
Abenakis, 50, 122, 157, 262
Algonquins or Algonkins, 72, 122, 262
Catawbas, 112
Cherokees, 112, 323, 444
Chickasaws, 112
Choctaws, 323
Caughnawagas, 157
Delawares, 50, 53-54, 62-63, 107, 122, 154, 234, 296-298, 446-447,
451
Hurons, 51, 104, 122, 157, 262, 335
Illinois, 50, 77, 104
Iowas, 300, 335
Iroquois, 53, 54, 59, 112, 122, 154, 217, 262, 335
Miamis, 50, 57, 61, 63, 77, 107, 157, 335
Michillimackinacas, 328
Micmacs, 98, 100, 335
Mingoes, 50, 54, 63, 157, 235, 451
Mohawks, 81, 134-136, 208-209, 217, 220, 276, 323
Mohecans, 275, 276
Nipissings, 50, 72, 122, 335
Ojibwas, 78, 107, 157, 335
Oneidas, 276, 357
Onondagas, 134, 276
Osages, 77
Ottawas, 50, 61, 78, 122, 157, 333, 335
Piankishaws, 77
Pottawattamies, 107, 157, 305, 335
Senacas, 53, 134, 447
Shawanoes, 50, 55-56, 60, 62, 107, 157, 234, 275, 276, 446-447, 451
Wabash, 77
Winnebagoes, 335
Wyandot, 59

Indians, atrocities of, 79, 155, 158, 166, 214, 235-248, 267,
300, 333-334, 348-352, 353n., 356, 362, 434-435, 471, 519, 521

Innes, Colonel James, 236
Dinwiddie's letter to, 128
notifies Lord Fairfax of Braddock's defeat, 168-169

J

James II of England, 46

Jefferson, Thomas, 128

Jervis, John, Wolfe's friend, 538

Joannes, mayor of Quebec, negotiates terms of surrender, 559

Johnson, Sergeant John, 575
comments on men's love for Wolfe, 536
reports on battle of Sainte-Foy, 581, 583-584

Johnson, Sir William,
his influence with the Five Nations, 63-64, 134-136, 208-209,
446-447
protests French violations, 75
in command of Crown Point expedition, 207-226
his appearance and character, 208
advances on Crown Point, 210
manners and morale of his troops, 211
his Mohawks report French near, 212
names Lake George for King, 213
wounded, 219
routs French attack, 220-221
saves Dieskau from Mohawks, 222
gives up attack on Crown Point, 224
his men disperse, 225
he is knighted by King, 226
his dispute with Shirley, 233-234
fails to save Fort Bull, 264
effects of Crown Point failure, 269
persuades the Five Nations to fight for British, 274-275
fails to gain other tribes, 276
joins Webb at Fort Edward, 354
takes command at Siege of Niagara, 513
defeats reinforcements, 514
captures Niagara, 515
protects prisoners from Indians, 516
Brigadier Gage sent to take his command, 516

Johnstone, Chevalier de, Aide-de-camp to Levis, 495, 496, 504, 543
his report on rout of French forces at Quebec, 550-551
his comments on Vaudreuil's behavior, 551
his grief over Montcalm's loss, 551

Joncaire-Chabert, 52, 54, 56, 62, 64, 69, 109
reports on Ohio Indians with British, 77
wins to France, 134
his influence with Indians, 447

Jonquiere, Marquis de la, Governor of Canada (1749), 74ff.
his intrigues against British, 75-76, 85, 87, 90
his death, 77

Jumonville, Ensign Coulon de, killed in the Ohio, 118-119, 121

K

Kanon, 482, 485

Kaunitz, Austrian Minister, 251

Kennedy, Adjutant, 197

Kennedy, Lieutenant, on scouting party, 298-299
killed, 308

Keppel, English Commodore, 144
lends Braddock men, 152

Kikensick, Nipissing Chief, 336

Killick, in Wolfe's Quebec fleet, 487-488

Kittanning, Delaware Indian stronghold, 296
burned by Armstrong, 297

Knox, Captain John, 404
winters in Fort Cumberland, 471
describes New England troops, 472
sails to join Wolfe, 472
describes ascent of British fleet up the St. Lawrence to Quebec,
487-489
reports on Siege of Quebec, 492, 493, 497, 498-499, 501, 505, 527,
535
describes Quebec under British rule, 568-569, 572, 574
reports on defence of Quebec, 585-586
voyage to Montreal, 591-592

L

La Clue, French Admiral, 386

La Corne, Saint Luc de, French officer in Acadia, 90, 335-336, 343,
589
destroys British wagon train, 432
attacks camp at Oswego, 512
repulsed and wounded, 512
sails for France, 604
shipwrecked, 605
gets back to Quebec, 605

Lake George, battle of, 217-226

La Motte, French Admiral, 140ff., 551
helps defend Louisbourg, 326, 327n.

Langlade, Charles, 157, 336
leads French against Pickawillany, 78-79
at defense of Quebec, 495

Langly, French officer, 415ff.

La Perade, Chevalier de, 158

Lawrence, Major, lands British troops at Beaubassin, 98

Lawrence, Governor of Nova Scotia, proposes attack on Beausejour, 177
serves in Louisbourg expedition, 391-393

Le Boeuf, Fort, 108

Le Guerne, French priest describes removal of Acadians, 204

Le Loutre, Abbe Louis Joseph,
French missionary in Acadia, 174
sets Indians on British, 87ff.
receives pension, 91
his Indian mission, 96
his character, 97
terrorizes Acadians, 179-180
authority at Beausejour, 179
escapes after fort surrenders, 185
captured and imprisoned, 185
cost of his intrigues, 626-627

Le Mercier, Chevalier, 122, 312, 367
his frauds, 377
at Ticonderoga, 410

Lery, destroys Fort Bull, 264

Levis, Chevalier de, Montcalm's second in command, 265, 322, 330, 526
his opinion on Jumonville killing, 120
pleases Montcalm, 267
describes social life of Montreal, 315-317
marches on Fort William Henry, 338-340
tries to stop massacres at fort, 350
Vaudreuil praises him, 359
quells Montreal riots, 360
his report of Roger's defeat, 364n.
at Ticonderoga defense, 410, 421, 426
he defends Quebec, 495-496, 503
is sent to reinforce Montreal, 517
profits from Amherst's blunders, 518
his horror at army's retreat from Quebec, 557
urges Vaudreuil to march back, 558
hopes to retake Quebec, 576
attacks outposts, 577-578
battle joined at Sainte-Foy, 580-582
his losses, 583
besieges Quebec, 584-585
British fleet forces his retreat, 586-587
prepares to defend Montreal, 589-590
tries for better surrender terms, 597-598
returns to France, 604

Lewis, Major, 452-453

Ligneris, French commander at Fort Duquesne, 157, 162, 165,
445ff., 513
dismisses troops for lack of food, 455
severely wounded, 515

Livingstone, William, 293

Longueil, Baron de, Governor of Canada (1752), 77-78, 122, 329
encourages hostility to British, 92
defends Ticonderoga, 410

Loudon, Earl of, Commander of British forces in America, 270
his difficulties with Colonial troops, 272, 281
his character, 280
gets poor reports of Colonial camps, 281-282
blames Shirley for loss of Oswego, 293
at Fort Edward, 294
his orders to Winslow, 305
demands quarters for British regulars, 306
plans attack on Louisbourg, 324-325
abandons attempt, 326
threatens reprisals for Fort William Henry, 354
is recalled by Pitt, 385
Massachusetts shares cost of his campaign, 408
his blunders, 439

Louis XIII of France, 34

Louis XIV of France, orders dispersal of New York Colony population,
206n.

Louis XV of France, 25, 34
Celoron de Bienville declares him lord of the Ohio, 52
his government's policy toward Acadians, 206
joins Austria against Prussians, 251-252

Louisbourg, Fortress of, 388-407 (See also Drucour)
conquered by Nicholson (1710), 82
restored to France, 83

Loudon plans to attack, 324
plans abandoned, 326
its geography, 388
its strengths and weaknesses, 389-390
British fleet arrives, 390-391
British succeed in landing troops, 392-393
siege and defense of, 394-400
its surrender, 401-403
its garrison sent to England, 403
its civilians sent to France, 403
effect of its fall, 403-405
leveled by order of George II, 591

Loppinot, French officer at Louisbourg, 400

Loring, British naval commander, 511, 517

Lotbiniere, engineer, strengthens Ticonderoga defenses, 263-266, 410

Lowendal, Marshal of France, 32

Lowther, Katherine, Wolfe's fiancee, 476, 477
Wolfe's last message to, 538

Lusignan, Commandant at Ticonderoga, 309

Lydius, Dutch trader, 303
suspected French spy, 303n.

Lyman, General Phineas, with Crown Point expedition, 210, 281, 282
builds Fort Lyman, 212
takes command after Johnson is wounded, 219
Johnson's jealousy of, 224, 226
at Fort Ticonderoga campaign, 417

Lyman, Fort, name changed to Fort Edward, 226

M

Machault, d'Arnouville, Comptroller-General of France (1750), taxes
clergy, 33
becomes Minister of Marine, 35
Pompadour has him dismissed, 383

Macnamara, French Admiral, 141

Macdonald, Captain Donald, 452
captures French post, 574
death of, 453, 582

Mackellar, engineer with Wolfe, 294n., 489
reports weakness of Oswego, 279

Mackay, Captain, with Washington, 121, 125

Mackenzie, Captain, 452-453

MacVicar, Anne, life in Albany, 228-229

Maillard, French missionary, 91, 100

Maria Theresa of Austria, 37
her hatred of Frederick the Great, 251
sides with Russia and France, 251

Marin, French officer, 229-300, 367, 515
commander of Ohio expedition, 80, 106ff.
his successful raid on Fort Edward, 334-335
ambushes Roger's Rangers, 433
his defeat, 434, 436n.
rescues Israel Putnam from Indians, 435

Martel, King's Store-keeper, 367

Martin, Ranger Sergeant Joshua, 309

Martin, Abraham, heights and plains of Abraham named for, 541

Maryland, votes defense funds, 132
Indian massacres in, 295

Maurin, Francois, 367-368

Massachusetts in 1750's, 42
votes funds for Ohio Valley expedition, 132
sends volunteers to fight French, 207
her war debts, 408
her economy, 409
celebrates Montreal victory, 600

Massey, British Colonel, 515

Mathevet, French missionary, 336

Mayhew, Rev. Jonathan, predicts growth of Colonies, 565

McBryer, Andrew, trader, 79
McGinnis, Captain, death of, 221

McCartney, Captain, 578

McMullen, Ranger Lieutenant, 519

Meech, Lieutenant with Wolfe, 489

Mellen, John, 600

Mercer, Lieutenant Colonel, left to hold Fort Duquesne, 458

Miami Indians, 50, 57, 61, 63, 77, 107, 157, 335

Micmac Indians, 98, 100, 335

Michillimackinaca Indians, 328

Mingoes (English traders' name for Iroquois Indians), 50, 54,
63, 157, 235, 451

Mirepoix, French Ambassador to London (1754), 139

Mohawk Indians, 43, 81, 134-136, 208-209, 212-213, 217, 220,
276, 323

Moltke, von, 602

Monckton, British Lieutenant Colonel, in Acadia, 177ff., 527
besieges Beausejour, 182-184
declares Acadians rebels, 186-187
ordered to remove Acadians, 194
his insolence to Colonials, 195
as Brigadier with Wolfe, 478, 493, 504, 532, 542
takes Martinique, 615

Monro, Lieutenant Colonel commanding Fort William Henry, 341
(See also William Henry, Fort)
attacked by French, 341
asks for reinforcements, 342
Webb fails to support him, 343
his brave defense, 343-347
his surrender, 347

Montcalm, Marquis de, Commander of French Army in Canada, 252, 255
his childhood, youth, and marriage, 252-254
letters to his family, 255-256, 257-258, 262-263, 315-317, 359,
460, 466, 469, 630-632
embarks for Canada, 257
reaches Quebec, 258
meets Governor, Marquis de Vaudreuil, 258-259
his dealings with Indians, 262-263, 316, 321
his opinions on Vaudreuil, 265-266, 321, 359
his social life in Montreal, 314-318, 358-359
decorated by the King, 315
his difficulties with Vaudreuil, 318, 321, 460-470
plans attack on Lake George forts, 328-329
calls council of Indian allies, 335-337
marches on Fort William Henry, 338
tries to stop massacres at fort, 350-351
saves some prisoners, 352
exposes corruption in Canada, 376-377
prepares to defend Ticonderoga, 410, 418-421
his letters on Ticonderoga victory, 426
plans defense of Quebec, 484-486
his tactics of defense, 490-498, 502, 525
his last letter, 533
deceived by Wolfe's strategy, 535-540
finds Wolfe's army on plains of Abraham, 543
help from Quebec fails to arrive, 544
attacks British too soon, 544, 549-550
French beaten, 545-546
mortally wounded, 547, 552
his last moments, 554-555
his death and burial, 555, 641
his character, 564

Montgomery, Captain Alexander, murders prisoners, 524

Montesquieu, 35

Montguet, Captain, 551

Montguy, French officer, 418

Montigny, French officer, 515
Montmorenci, battle at, 504-505, 506n.

Montreal, Social life, 314-318
food shortage in, 359-360
riots in, 359
Levis quells riots, 360
besieged by British, 596
surrenders, 597-598

Montreuil, General, 220
advises Montcalm, 265

Montour, Catherine, 59

Montour, Andrew, interpreter, 59-60

Moore, Colonel William, 246

Moravians, their Indian missions, 447
contrast with Catholic missions, 447-448

Morris, Robert Hunter, Pennsylvania Governor (1755), 131, 243ff.
difficulties with his assembly, 131
attends Braddock's conference, 146
declares war on Delawares, 276

Morris, Captain Roger, aide-de-camp to Braddock, 153
wounded in ambush, 164

Murray, Captain Alexander, in charge of Fort Edward, 190-191, 195
helps Winslow in removal of Acadians, 195-200, 202

Murray, Brigadier James, with Wolfe, 478, 527
raids Deschambault, 525
in front lines with Wolfe, 542
his qualities, 579
in command of occupied Quebec, 570-571
his outposts threatened, 573
rumors of French attack on Quebec, 574
spies among his men, 576
learns of French attack plan, 578
meets French forces outside Quebec, 580-582
retreats into city, 582
stops disorders among troops, 584
defends city against French, 584
saved by English fleet, 585
pursues retreating French, 586-587
ordered to Montreal, 590
takes measures to ensure Canadian neutrality, 592

N

New Brunswick (See Acadia)

Newcastle, Duke of, 30, 477
named Prime Minister of England, 137
Walpole's opinion of, 137-138
Smollett's opinion of, 138
his political character, 138
his opposition to Pitt, 380
reconciled by Lord Chesterfield, 381
named First Lord of the Treasury, 381

New England, in 1750's, 41-43
(See also individual states)
Puritanism in, 42
politics of, 41, 43
its method of raising and equipping troops, 271-272
celebrates fall of Louisbourg, 403
joy at Quebec surrender, 565

New France, ends with Quebec surrender, 556
(See also Canada)

New Hampshire, votes men for Crown Point expedition, 207
raises men for Canadian war, 409

New Jersey, refuses funds for Ohio Valley defense, 132
Indian massacres in, 295

New York in 1750's, 45-46
refuses funds for Ohio Valley defense, 131
votes funds after Fort Necessity defeat, 132
votes troops to fight French, 207
conflict between Governor and Assembly, 248
Indian massacres in, 295
celebrates fall of Louisbourg, 403-404

Necessity, Fort (See Great Meadows)

Niagara expedition, 228-234
march to Oswego, 229-230
difficulties of, 230-233
expeditions abandoned, 234
disastrous results to settlers, 234-248

Niagara, Fort,
British besiege, 511
reinforcements fail, 513-514
fort surrenders, 515-516
garrison saved from Indians, 516
importance of its capture, 516

Nicholson, General, conquers Acadia, 82

Nipissing Indians, 50, 72, 122, 235
burial customs of, 340

Nova Scotia (See Acadia)

Nuns at Quebec (See Ursulines)

O

Ochterlony, Captain, with Wolfe, rescued by French from scalping, 505

Ogden, Captain, 520, 521

Ohio Company, the, 58-59
trading posts of, 115, 116
its posts destroyed by French, 127

Ohio Valley (See also Celoron de Bienville)
French claims in, 48-58
Indians of, 50, 107, 112, 119, 122
English claims in, 58-64
Virginia and Pennsylvania disputes over, 63
importance as key to West, 64

Ohio Valley battles, 106-127
France establishes forts, 106-108
illness among French, 107-108
Virginia protests invasion, 108-111
English colonies refuse help, 113-114, 129ff.
French detachment defeated, 116-118
Indians join French, 122
French victory at Great Meadows, 125-127
French and British losses, 125 and n.

Ojibwa Indians, 78, 107, 157, 335

Oneida Indians, 276, 357, 436-437

Onondaga Indians, 134-276

Orme, Captain Robert, Aide-de-Camp to Braddock, 146, 153
wounded in ambush, 164
describes the ambush, 170-171

Osage Indians, 77

Osborn, Admiral, intercepts French fleet, 386

Osgood, Captain, in Acadia, 196, 198

Oswego, English fur trading post, 49
its attraction to Indians, 68-69

Oswego, Fort, battle for, 285-291
sickness and hunger of troops, 279
weakness of defenses, 280
camp conditions, 286
surrender to French, 289
losses at, 289-290
burned, 290
Loudon blames Shirley for loss, 293

Ottawa Indians, 50, 61, 78, 122, 157, 333, 335

P

Paris, treaty of, (1763), 619

Parkman, William, comments on Abercromby, 411

Parker, Colonel of Fort William Henry, 334

Patton, John, English trader, 75

Pean, Chevalier, 80, 106-107, 359, 367, 368
his frauds, 372
jailed and tried, 605

Pean, Mme., 80, 372

Penn, Thomas and Richard, 240-241

Penn, William, 46

Pennahouel, Ottawa Chief, 336, 337

Peniseault, Antoine, accomplice of Bigot, 367-368
jailed and tried for fraud, 605

Peniseault, Mme., 372-373

Pennsylvania in 1750's, 44-45
refuses funds for Ohio Valley defense, 130-131, 240ff.
Indian massacres in, 235-248, 295
conflict between Governor and Assembly, 240-247

Pepperell, regiment of, 229, 270

Periere, leads Indian war party, 299-300

Peter the Great of Russia, 36

Peter the III of Russia, 614

Petrie, John lost, Indian prisoner, 357

Peyton, Lieutenant, escapes scalping, 504-505

Philadelphia, celebrates Louisbourg victory, 403

Phillips, Lieutenant of Rogers' Rangers, 360
massacred, 362

Piankishaws, 77

Pichon, Thomas, British spy, 179 and n.

Pickawillany, Miami Indian town, 57
destroyed by French, 78-79

Piquet, Abbe, French missionary, 49, 58, 71, 336, 624
his appearance and character, 65
his success as missionary to Indians, 66-72, 134
schemes to drive English from Ohio, 68, 70
plants cross in Oswego ruins, 290
joins Indian attack on British, 512

Pitt, William, 29, 430
his fierce patriotism, 31, 138, 324, 382
made Secretary of State, 381
his character and abilities, 381-382, 384
turns efforts towards America, 385-387
recalls General Loudon, 385
asks and gets men from Colonies, 408
names Wolfe commander of Quebec expedition, 477
disliked by George III, 609-610
breaks off peace conference with French, 611-612
proposes to attack Spain, 612
opposed and resigns, 613
denounces treaty of Paris, 619

Pitt, Fort, 457

Pittsburg, new name for Fort Duquesne, 457

Pococke, Admiral Sir George, takes Havana, 615-616

Pomeroy, Rev. Benjamin, watches army leave for Niagara, 508

Pomeroy, Daniel, with Crown Point expedition, 210, 219

Pomeroy, Seth, comments on Crown Point march, 213

Pompadour, Mme. de, 25, 35, 139, 610
her hatred of Frederic the Great, 251-252
her power in France, 382-383

Pontiac, Indian Chief, 157, 164

Pontleroy, French engineer, 418

Pontbriand, Bishop at Quebec, 526
administers last rites to Montcalm, 555

Portneuf, French officer, 69

Portneuf, Cure, killed and scalped, 524

Post, Frederic, Moravian envoy to Indians, 447-451
dangers of his mission, 448-449
his success, 451

Pottawattamie Indians, 107, 157, 305, 335

Pouchout, Captain, Commandant at Niagara, 360, 421
besieged by British, 512
reinforcements fail him, 513-514
surrenders, 515
made commandant of Fort Levis, 595
surrenders to Amherst, 595

Poulariez, Lieutenant-Colonel, 551, 553

Pownall, Massachusetts Governor (1758), 408-409

Preble, Major Jedediah, 200

Presentation, la, French mission, 65-66, 69, 72n.
(See also Piquet, Abbe)

Prevost, Intendant at Louisbourg, 90-91

Prideaux, British Brigadier, sent to take Niagara, 507
begins siege, 511
killed in action, 513

Pringle, Captain, British volunteer with Rogers' Rangers, 360-361
lost in forest, 362-363
saved from Indians by French officers, 363

Prussia (See Frederick the Great)

Puritanism in New England, 42

Putnam, Israel, 210
his expert scouting praised, 299
at Ticonderoga, 416
captured by Indians, 433
his tortures, 434-435
rescued by Marin, 435
prisoner in Montreal, 436
exchanged, 436

Puysieux, Marquis de, 35

Pynchon, Dr., 220

Q

Quakers, characteristics of, 239
cause of military paralysis, 240-248
their quarrel with Presbyterians, 239
attitude toward Indians, 239
influence in Pennsylvania, 240-248
oppose defense of borders against Indians, 295

Quebec, (See also Montcalm and Vaudreuil)
Montcalm's praise of, 316
suspense over threat to, 324
Montcalm prefers to Montreal, 358, 360

Quebec, Siege of, 481-505, 523-548
threatened with attack, 468, 482
Montcalm and Vaudreuil arrive, 483
troops and Indians pour in, 483
patriotism of its people, 484
English fleet starts up the St. Lawrence, 486
nature of the countryside, 488-489
city's strength as natural fortress, 489
British army lands below, 489
fire ships fail to harm British, 491-492, 501
steady bombardment of, 494-498, 526
British treatment of prisoners, 498-501
French victory at Montmorenci, 523
sickness in Wolfe's army, 526
short rations of French, 526
Wolfe plans new attack, 531-532
heights of Abraham scaled, 540-542
British army forms on plains of Abraham, 543
French forces attack, 544
defeat and rout of French, 546-549
death of Wolfe, 546
death of Montcalm, 547, 555
French and British losses, 547n., 548, 552, 637-638

Quebec, fall of, 549-567
Vaudreuil's behavior after defeat, 550-551, 553, 558
army flees the city, 554
New France ends with, 556
Vaudreuil's responsibility for, 559
garrison refuses to fight, 559
city surrenders, 559
ruin and chaos from bombardment, 567-568

Quebec, under British rule, 571-588
troops suffer from cold and sickness, 571-572, 575
rumors of French attack, 573-574
French try to retake, 580-586
British ships arrive and French retire, 587

R

Ramesay, Chevalier de, commandant at Quebec, 485
refuses Montcalm artillery, 544
left without supplies after battle, 556
forced to surrender, 559

Raymond, Comte de, 57, 77
harasses British in Acadia, 89

Raymal, Abbe, 189

Rea, Dr. Caleb, 429, 430

Repentigny, Lieutenant, 495-496, 589

Rhode Island, votes to fight French, 207

Richelieu, Cardinal, 34

Richelieu, Duc de, 384

Rigaud (brother of Vaudreuil), 317, 319, 320, 329, 410
commands William Henry attack, 311-313
attack fails, 313

Robinson, John, his Story of Wolfe, 539

Robinson, Sir Thomas, Secretary to Duke of Newcastle, 138
William Pitt's opinion of, 138-139
gives Braddock secret orders, 141
authorizes attack on Beausejour, 177-178

Roche, Lieutenant, British volunteer with Rogers Rangers, 360-361
lost in forest, 362-363
saved from Indians by French officers, 363

Rochbeau court, 589

Rodney, British Admiral, takes Martinique, 615

Rogers, Lieutenant Richard, 301

Rogers, Major Robert, Commander of Rogers Rangers, 274, 300
his raids into Canada, 301-302
reconnoitres Ticonderoga, 303-304
raids outskirts of fort, 307-309, 360
his group cut to pieces, 361-362
his report of fight, 363n.-364
activities in Ticonderoga Campaign, 412-415
ambushed near Fort Edward, 433-434
sent to destroy Abenaki town, 517
instructed to spare women and children, 519
takes and burns town, 520
miseries of return trip, 520-521
at Quebec siege, 524

Rollo, Lord, 591

Roma, French officer, comments on British rule in Acadia, 85-86

Roquemaure, 215, 593, 594

Roubaud, French missionary, 331ff.
goes over to the English, 566n.

Rouille, De, French Colonial Minister, 91n.

Rous, British Navy Captain, 97
convoys troops to Nova Scotia, 182
watches attacks on Beausejour, 183
occupies Beausejour, 185

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 35

Russia, 36

Ryswick, treaty of, 52

S

St.-Florentin, Comte de, 35

Saint-Julien, Lieutenant-Colonel, 392

St. Paul, sacked and burned by British, 524

Saint-Pierre, Legardeur de,
French Commander of Ohio expedition, 107, 108, 110, 214
killed, 218

Sainte-Foy, battle of, 580-588
French and British losses, 583
near disaster for British, 584
strength of both forces, 642-643

Saunders, Admiral of Wolfe's Quebec fleet, 477, 478, 528
his feint to deceive Montcalm, 537
takes Wolfe's remains to England, 560

Saxe, Marshal of France, 32
comment on Mirepoix, 139
death of, 139

Saxony, joins league against Prussia, 251

Scarroyaddy, Indian Chief, 154

Schuyler, Colonel, prisoner in Montreal, 435

Schuyler, Mrs. of Albany, 413
her affection for Lord Howe, 413
her grief at his death, 417

Scotch regiments, 414, 424, 452ff.

Scott, Lieutenant Colonel George, 181, 183

Sejur, Comte de, 36

Seneca Indians, 53, 134

Senezerques, French Brigadier, 552

Seven Years War in Europe, 25
effect on world history, 26

Sewell, Colonel Matthew, 222

Sharpe, Maryland Governor, 146

Shawanoe Indians, 50, 55-56, 60, 62, 107, 157, 234, 275, 276

Shepherd, Captain, 303

Shirley, Captain John, son of Governor William Shirley, 230-232
death of, 23 In.

Shirley, William, son of Governor William Shirley, Secretary to
Braddock, 144, 146
his opinion of Braddock, 144, 153
his comments on Robert Orme, 153
killed in ambush, 164

Shirley, William, Massachusetts Governor, 241ff.
at Versailles Conference, 102
asked to help Virginia against French, 114
gets grant for expedition, 132
attends Braddocks' Conference, 146
his marriage in Paris, 147
advocates taxation of colonies, 148
takes command after Braddock's death, 173
orders renewed attack on Fort Duquesne, 173
his plan for removal of Acadians, 175, 188
his plan to capture Beausejour, 177-178, 181-182
names William Johnson as commander of Crown Point expedition, 207
his Niagara Campaign, 228-234
his plans to master Lake Ontario, 269
superseded in command, 270
reasons for failure of his plans, 292-293
blamed by General Loudon for Oswego loss, 293
his defense, 294
recalled to England, 294
made Governor of Bahamas, 294

Sinclair, Sir John, opens road for Braddock, 161
wounded in ambush, 164
advises on route to Fort Duquesne, 440
his inefficiency, 443
his annoyance with Indians, 444

Smith, James, treatment as Indian captive, 158 and n.
sees ambush of Braddock, 165
sees prisoners burned to death, 166

Smith, William, his feat at Ticonderoga, 424

Spain, secret negotiations with Choiseul, 612
loses Havana, Manila, and the Philippines, 616
gets Cuba back and cedes Florida, 618

Speakman, Captain, 200

Spikeman, Captain of Rogers Rangers, 307
killed, 308

Stanwix, General, builds Fort Pitt, 457
goes to reinforce Pittsburg, 507

Stark, Lieutenant John, 210, 301, 307-308, 310, 313, 415

Stephen, Adam, reports on Great Meadows, 125n.

Stephen, Lieutenant-Colonel, 444, 521

Stevens, his escape from Quebec, 534

Stewart, Captain, with Braddock, 164

Stobo, Major Robert, hostage to French at Fort Necessity, 125
his letters, 157n.
his escape from Quebec, 534

Stuarts, the, defeat at Culloden, 29

Sweden, joins league against Prussia, 251

T

Teedyuscung, Delaware Chief, 447

Titcomb, Moses, 210
killed, 220

Toronto, early days of, 69

Ticonderoga, Fort, 408-427
defenses strengthened, 263
description of first fort, 266
center for French-Indian raiding parties, 298, 300
troops withdrawn, 305
Montcalm's forces at, 329-335
provisioning problems, 331
British forces gather for attack, 410
British advance, 413-416
difficulties of the advance, 415-417
Lord Howe's death, 416-417
French defense and victory, 418-426
French and British losses, 425
Colonial report on defeat, 428-429
finally falls to Amherst, 510
French accounts of battle, 634-635

Townshend, Captain, fails in attempt to halt German Flats Massacre,
357
killed at Ticonderoga, 509

Townshend, Charles, Secretary of War (1761), 610

Townshend, George Brigadier with Wolfe, 478, 527, 532, 542
commands after Wolfe's death, 552
Quebec surrenders to him, 559

Trent, William, English trader, 52, 112, 115
reports on Indian massacres, 243

Trepezec, French officer, 415ff.

Turner, Lieutenant of Rogers Rangers, 520

Turnois, Father, 66

U

Ursulines, hospital of, 569-570

Utrecht, treaty of, 52, 75, 157
gives Acadia to England, 82, 84, 102

V

Valtry, M. de, 72

Vanbraam, Captain, French interpreter, 109
negotiates surrender of Fort Necessity, 125
kept as hostage, 125

Vannes, French officer at Beausejour, 183, 184

Varin, Naval Commissary in Canada, 367
his frauds, 367
jailed and tried, 373

Vaudreuil, Marquis de, appointed Governor of Canada
in 1754, 140, 298, 323, 525 557, 561
sends Dieskau to defend Crown Point, 209
meets Montcalm, 258-259
strengthens posts on Lake Ontario, 265
Montcalm's opinion of, 265-266
sends Indians to Ticonderoga, 305
exaggerates British losses, 309, 310n., 358n.
resents and disparages Montcalm, 318, 320-321, 355 460-470, 561-563
takes credit for all success, 318-319, 356
dislike of French Regulars, 319-320, 322-323
character traits of, 322
encourages Indian massacres, 355-356, 358, 525
intrigues to replace Montcalm, 359, 461
fails to save Ticonderoga, 410
his boasts and exaggerations, 445-446, 464, 482, 483, 532-533
Montcalm placed over him, 462
his defense of Quebec, 481-505
his blunders and indecision, 526, 544, 551-553, 556
responsibility for loss of Quebec, 559
blames Ramesay for surrender, 561
corruption of his government (See also Bigot) 373-374, 562,
563
retires to Montreal, 576
prepares Montreal defense, 589-590, 593
forced to surrender, 597-598
rebuked by Louis XV, 599
sails for France, 604
jailed and tried for fraud, 605

Vaudreuil, Rigaudde, (See Rigaud)

Vauquelin, bravery of, 395
captured by British, 586

Verchires, M. de, 72

Vergor, Duchambon de, Commandant of Beausejour, 177
his appearance and character, 178-179
Le Loutre and, 179
besieged by British, 182-184
surrenders the fort, 185
his trial for cowardice and acquittal, 186, 535
guards heights of Abraham, 533, 535
captured by Wolfe's men, 540

Vicars, Captain John, 279-280

Villeray, Commandant at Fort Gaspereau, surrenders to British, 186
tried for cowardice, 186

Villiers, Coulon de, French officer, 121-122
marches on Fort Necessity, 123ff.
defeats Washington's forces, 125-127
marches on Oswego and repulsed, 277
taken prisoner, 515

Virginia in 1750's, 43-44
refuses funds for Ohio Valley defense, 112
social life in Williamsburg, 128-129
votes funds after Fort Necessity defeat, 129-130
Indian massacres in, 235 238-239, 267
fear of slave uprisings, 236

Vitre, Denis de, forced to pilot British fleet, 486

Voltaire, 25, 35
letter from Frederick the Great, 607

W

Waggoner, Captain, 163, 236

Walpole, Horace, 29
opinion of Edward Cornwallis, 83
of Braddock, 144-148
of Duke of Newcastle, 137-138
comments on George Townshend, 478
on Wolfe and Quebec victory, 564-565
on French siege of Quebec, 587
on death of George II, 609
on Pitt, 619

Ward, Ensign, surrenders to French, 115

Warde, George, Wolfe's boyhood friend, 476

Washington, George, 25, 58, 106-127, 167
as envoy to French at Fort le Boeuf, 108-111
adventure at Murdering Town, 110-111
defeats French detachment, 116-118
his character at 22 years, 119, 126n., 237-238
defense of Fort Necessity, 120-125
defeat at Fort Necessity, 126-127, 627-628
named Braddock's Aide-de-Camp, 153
describes Braddock's march 159-160
his courage at ambush, 164
describes ambush, 170-171
commands Virginia troops guarding border, 235-237
his difficulties with Governor Dinwiddie, 439
urges capture of Fort Duquesne, 439-440
criticized by Forbes, 441, 443

Waterbury, provincial officer, 299

Webb, Colonel Daniel, 270, 280
sent to relieve Oswego, 284
arrives too late, 290
at Fort Edward, 341, 354
fails to support Fort William Henry, 342-346
his ex